The coffee berry borer (CBB) Hj'pothenemus hanipei is a serious pest of coffee berries. The 'interseason' is the most critical period for this beetle because at this time the vast majority of remaining berries or new immature berries are unsuitable for the development of this pest. CBB abandons its native berry to search for another host berry. This work shows that some factors affect the abandonment of female and specifies some biological characteristics of the particular female of the interseason. The following results were observed. A positive correlation was established between insolation and abandonment. Abandonment increased when immature berries were present close to the infested berries.The fecundation rate of colonizing females was 93% and the average survival time without food after abandonment of the berry was around 1 1 days. A pattern of the survival strategy developed by CBB at the interseason is proposed.
Summary
The response of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) (coffee berry borer, CBB) females to olfactory stimuli was demonstrated to be related with the physiological status; especially with age, whether they were mated or not, and whether they have already oviposited. A special behaviour, the abandonment of the native berry, was also found to play a major role. In contrast, response to visual stimuli (false coffee berries) was found to be independent of the physiological status of CBB females. Variations in behavioural responses to visual and olfactory stimuli are discussed in relation to colonization strategy.
The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, is the most important insect pest of coffee worldwide and has an unusual life history that ensures a high degree of inbreeding. Individual females lay a predominantly female brood within individual coffee berries and because males are flightless there is almost entirely full sib mating. We investigated the genetics associated with this interesting life history after the important discovery of resistance to the cyclodiene type insecticide endosulfan. Both the inheritance of the resistance phenotype and the resistance-associated point mutation in the y-aminobutyric acid receptor gene Rdl were examined. Consistent with haplodiploidy, males failed to express and transmit paternally derived resistance alleles. Furthermore, while cytological examination revealed that males are diploid, one set of chromosomes was condensed, and probably nonfunctional, in the somatic cells of all males examined. Moreover, although two sets of chromosomes were present in primary spermatocytes, the chromosomes failed to pair before the single meiotic division, and only one set was packaged in sperm. Thus, the coffee berry borer is "functionally" haplodiploid. Its genetics and life history may therefore represent an interesting intermediate step in the evolution of true haplodiploidy. The influence of this breeding system on the spread of insecticide resistance is discussed.
Coffee berry borer (CBB) colonizing females were released within a mesh-tent and recaptured in traps to study the interaction of olfactory and visual stimuli during the flight phase. A 1 : 1 methanokthanol mixture was used as an attractant in traps constructed from multiple funnels of red or white. The first aim of the present experiments was to verify that the results obtained in a laboratory olfactometer, in which insects were constrained to walk and in which visual and olfactory stimuli were independently manipulated, could be extended to an outdoor arena enclosed by a net tent. The second aim was to test different emission odour rate, and finally develop a prototype trap which could be used for subsequent studies of CBB population dynamics in the field. Out of 3 000 females released, over 45% were recaptured, among which 95% were collected from traps with methanol-ethanol mixture. The red traps were more attractive than the white traps. The lower the rate of emission of odour, the greater the number of females recaptured. These results show the importance of vision and olfaction for the CBB's flight approach to the trap.
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