The problem of imbalanced datasets is a significant concern when creating reliable credit card fraud (CCF) detection systems. In this work, we study and evaluate recent advances in machine learning (ML) algorithms and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) used for CCF detection systems, including fraud and non-fraud labels. Based on two resampling approaches, SMOTE and ADASYN are used to resample the imbalanced CCF dataset. ML algorithms are, then, applied to this balanced dataset to establish CCF detection systems. Next, DRL is employed to create detection systems based on the imbalanced CCF dataset. The diverse classification metrics are indicated to thoroughly evaluate the performance of these ML and DRL models. Through empirical experiments, we identify the reliable degree of ML models based on two resampling approaches and DRL models for CCF detection. When SMOTE and ADASYN are used to resampling original CCF datasets before training/test split, the ML models show very high outcomes of above 99% accuracy. However, when these techniques are employed to resample for only the training CCF datasets, these ML models show lower results, particularly in terms of logistic regression with 1.81% precision and 3.55% F1 score for using ADASYN. Our work reveals the DRL model is ineffective and achieves low performance, with only 34.8% accuracy.
North Korea's international integration strategy and the normalizing process of inter-Korean ties forced North Korea to modify its attitude to the US and South Korea. Observing inter-Korean relations in recent years, we do acknowledge the adjustments of both sides to each other and in relations with the US; in which, the most notable is the adjustment in North Korea's approach to South Korea and to the US. In relations with the US, there are significant shifts in North Korea’s approach from the "maximum cordiality" approach to a parallel one: constructing "a new peace" in accompaniment with "a new threat". The US has been such an important factor in inter-Korean relations which have been affected by US relations with the two sides of Korea peninsula. With South Korea, North Korea has built a new type of relationship with four matching objectives: jointly reform personnel in the direction of respecting the spirit of reconciliation between the two regions; jointly promote economic self-reliance alongside the military policies to diminish dependence on allies of both sides; establish inter-Korean trade activities unaffected by international sanctions; and support mutual communication to gradually change negative public opinion trends about North Korea in the region and around the world. This paper is to focus on analyzing and explaining the changes in North Korea's approach to the US as well as to South Korea after the 2nd U.S-North Korea Summit in 2019 failed. It will conclude by making predictions about the prospects of inter-Korean relations in the coming years.
Received: 7 March 2022 / Accepted: 9 May 2022 / Published: 5 July 2022
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