Dynamic tuning of color filters finds numerous applications including displays or image sensors. Plasmonic resonators are sub-wavelength nanostructures which can tailor the phase, polarization and amplitude of the optical field but they are limited in color vibrancy when used as filters. In this work, birefringence-induced colors of plasmonic resonators and a fast switching thin liquid crystal cell are combined in a multicolored electrically tunable filter. With this mechanism, the color gamut of the plasmonic surface and the liquid crystal cell is mutually enhanced in order to generate all primary additive and subtractive colors with high saturation as well as different tones of white. A single filter is able to cover more than 70% of the color gamut of standard RGB filters by applying a voltage ranging between 2V and 6.5V. This spectral selectivity is added in transmission without any loss in the image resolution.The presented approach is foreseen to be implemented in a variety of devices including
Material nanostructuring and optical phenomena on a nanoscale such as plasmonic effects and light scattering have been widely studied for improving the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting electrodes. In this work, we report a method for analyzing the contributions of optical effects from nanostructures for enhancing the PEC performances. Electromagnetic simulations are performed for the precise calculation of generated power density in a semiconductor material. In addition, the transport and transfer of photogenerated charges to the electrolyte are modeled by using the conservation of minority carriers. The surface loss parameter, diffusion length, and doping density of the semiconductor material are determined by fitting the model to an incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) curve experimentally measured on the bare reference photoelectrode. These parameters are then used to compute the IPCE spectra of the photoelectrode for which an optical enhancement strategy is used, such as nanostructuring or plasmonics. The method is validated using published experimental data. The calculated IPCE enhancement ratio originating from optical effects is in quantitative agreement with experimental observations for both periodic and random optical structures. The model can be used to study in detail the key enhancement mechanisms for the IPCE from optical nanostructures and, in particular, discriminate between optical and nonoptical (e.g., catalytic) enhancement.
With the increasing development of transgenic mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases allowing improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these disorders, robust quantitative mapping techniques are also needed in rodents. MP2RAGE has shown great potential for structural imaging in humans at high fields. In the present work, MP2RAGE was successfully implemented at 9.4T and 14.1T. Following fractionated injections of MnCl, MP2RAGE images were acquired allowing simultaneous depiction and T mapping of structures in the mouse brain at both fields. In addition, T maps demonstrated significant T shortenings in different structures of the mouse brain (p < 0.0008 at 9.4T, p < 0.000001 at 14.1T). T values recovered to the levels of saline-injected animals 1 month after the last injection except in the pituitary gland. We believe that MP2RAGE represents an important prospective translational tool for further structural MRI.
An electrically tunable filter based on a plasmonic phase retarder and liquid crystal cells is reported. The plasmonic phase retarder consists of a periodic array of deep-subwavelength metallic nanostructures. A first entrance polarizer prepares the incident light in a polarization state oriented at 45 • from the nanowires orientation. A strong phase retardation between TM and TE polarizations is induced by the plasmon resonances. A polarization analyzer based on liquid crystal cells allows to project the transmitted light onto a polarization state whose orientation depends on the applied voltage. Using this approach, a range of 8V is enough to span more than 70% of the area covered by standard RGB filters in CIE color coordinates with a single filter, including yellow, orange, red, magenta, purple, blue, cyan and green as well as different tones of white. In order to ensure the applicability to large area production, UV nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) and thin film coatings have been used to fabricate the plasmonic phase retarder. The evaporation is performed with an angle, so that a self-shadowing effects prevents full coverage of the surface. The resulting structure consists in a periodic array of silver nanowires. Multiple interfering resonances are observed so that the nominal transmission can reach levels above 70%. The construction of the colors transmitted by the tunable filter is modeled and validated through a series of optical characterization of the individual elements.
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