International audienceWhite certificate schemes mandate energy companies to promote energy efficiency with flexibility mechanisms, including the trading of energy savings. A unified framework is used to estimate the costs and benefits of the schemes implemented in Great Britain in 2002, in Italy in 2005 and in France in 2006. 'Negawatt-hour cost' estimates reach 0. 009/kWh saved in Great Britain and 0.037/kWh saved in France, which compares favourably to energy prices in those countries. Moreover, the benefits of reduced energy bills and CO 2 emissions saved exceed the costs; thus, white certificate schemes pay for themselves. Overall, the policy instrument is cost-effective and economically efficient. A closer look at the differences amongst countries provides general insights about the conceptualization of the instrument: (a) Compared to utility demand-side management, to which they are related, white certificate schemes provide more transparency about energy savings, but less transparency around costs; (b) the substantial efficiency discrepancy between the British scheme and its French counterpart can be explained by differences in technological potentials, coexisting policies and supply-side systems in these countries and (c) the nature and amount of costs influence compliance strategies. Notably, if energy suppliers are allowed to set their retail price freely, they tend to grant subsidies to end-use consumers for energy efficient investments. 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V
International audienceAccording to the directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services (ESD), the European Member States shall adopt a national indicative energy savings target of 9% (or beyond) in 2016. The issue of the energy savings evaluation is crucial for its implementation. The French White Certificates (FWC) scheme is one of the important measures for France to fulfill its ESD target. However, the accountings of energy savings in the FWC scheme and in the ESD are different. Therefore, an analysis of the consistency of the two systems is needed. A concrete example of actions on residential buildings is used to illustrate the challenges for policy marker and stakeholders to set harmonized evaluation rules. The FWC and ESD calculations appear to be consistent from a physics point of view, as long as calculations are well-documented. But due to differences in the policy objectives, calculation routines may be necessary to convert national energy savings unit (e.g., kWh cumac) into supranational energy savings unit (e.g., ESD kWh). Finally, the work done to establish a transparent evaluation system brings additional benefits (e.g., increased visibility and quality of the actions), which will improve the results of the energy efficiency policies on long term
L’Ademe (Agence de la transition écologique) soutient la technologie hydrogène depuis plus de quinze ans sur le volet R&D et, depuis 2018, en ce qui concerne le déploiement d’écosystèmes territoriaux. Pour l’Agence, son soutien doit poursuivre un triple objectif : pouvoir décarboner massivement certains secteurs ne disposant d’aucune autre alternative (mobilité lourde, industrie), accompagner la maturation d’une filière industrielle française et assurer le développement d’un hydrogène s’accompa-gnant de bénéfices pour le système électrique. Dans cet article, nous rappelons le fait que la filière a atteint la maturité technologique et précisons les enjeux de R&D futurs. Par ailleurs, nous décrivons les marchés à soutenir prioritairement en termes de compétitivité-prix et d’enjeux industriels. Nous faisons également un focus particulier sur les écosystèmes territoriaux qui constituent un des marchés de court terme pour amorcer le développement de la filière dans les territoires et offrent de premiers débouchés aux industriels avant la mise en place de dispositifs de soutien plus massifs. Enfin, un éclairage est apporté sur l’exercice de prospective qu’est Transition(s)2050, lequel permet de conforter les orientations des politiques publiques et d’identifier des secteurs prometteurs aujourd’hui non soutenus.
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