Within the framework imposed at European Union level, Member States have taken advantage of the considerable discretion which they are accorded when implementing coexistence measures at national level. This divergence is examined by reference to four Member States: France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. While there may be important similarities in approach (for example, in all four Member States the choice has been taken to regulate by legislative means), there are also notable differences. In France, the emphasis is on freedom of cropping, with the result that actions seeking to impose GM-free zones, whether initiated by organic producers or local authorities, have met with little success. In Italy, until recently, there has been a legislative impasse by reason of a battle for competence between the state and the regions. In Spain, a draft Royal Decree has been promulgated, but it remains to be implemented, and several of its measures have already proved controversial. In the United Kingdom, the devolved administrations of Scotland and Wales have shown marked hostility to GMOs, while, more generally, the slow pace of legislative progress may be attributed to the absence of immediate intent to proceed to commercialization of GM crops.
[eng] A way to establish the multifonctional agriculture : the notion of territory - In order to translate in law the political objective of assistance to the multifunctional agriculture, the european and french legislators used a specific notion : "territory". This article is aiming to analyse and explain this mecanism of translation. The idea of "territory" is very delicate to handle; it conceals many facets : when "territory" is used as a simple calculation modality of the public aids or of the agricultural activity, it remains subsidiaire and subject to the sectoral logic dominating in agricultural law. On the other hand, when it becomes a true qualification tool - foundation of a right according to a geographic location - the agricultural law may become a mixed law for the agricultural exploitations and the rural territories. This technical function of the "territory" is reinforced by his conceptual aspect : "territory" is a base of a new social and economical representations of agriculture. [fre] Pour transcrire en droit l'objectif politique de soutien à l'agriculture multifonctionnelle, les « législateurs » nationaux et communautaires ont utilisé un critère juridique particulier : le territoire. C'est ce mécanisme de transcription juridique, ses différents aspects et implications, que cet article cherche à analyser. A l'étude, la notion de territoire s'avère délicate à manipuler car elle recèle de nombreuses facettes : simple modalité de calcul des aides ou d'exercice de l'activité agricole, elle reste subsidiaire et soumise à la logique sectorielle dominante en droit rural ; en revanche, lorsqu'elle devient un véritable outil de qualification - fondement d'un droit attribué en fonction d'une localisation géographique et non plus seulement de l'exercice d'activités agricoles - elle fait du droit rural un droit mixte de l'exploitation agricole et de territoires ruraux déterminés. Cette dernière fonction technique du territoire est renforcée par son aspect conceptuel : le territoire est à la base de nouvelles représentations sociales et économiques de l'agriculture.
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