Background: COVID-19 is still causing victims with long-term health consequences, mass deaths, and collapsing healthcare systems around the world. The disease has no efficient drugs. However, previous studies revealed that SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV have 96% and 86.5% similarities in cysteine proteases (3CLpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) sequences, respectively. This resemblance could be significant in the search for drug candidates with antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2. Objective: This paper is a compilation of natural products that inhibit SARS-CoV 3CLpro and PLpro and, concomitantly, reduce inflammation and/or modulate the immune system as a perspective strategy for COVID-19 drug discovery. It also presents in silico studies performed on these selected natural products using SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and PLpro as targets to propose a list of hit compounds. Method: The plant metabolites were selected in the literature based on their biological activities on SARS-CoV proteins, inflammatory mediators, and immune response. The consensus docking analysis was performed using four different packages. Results: Seventy-nine compounds reported in the literature with inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV proteins were reported as anti-inflammatory agents. Fourteen of them showed in previous studies immunomodulatory effects. Five and six of these compounds showed significant in silico consensus as drug candidates that can inhibit PLpro and 3CLpro, respectively. Our findings corroborated recent results reported on anti-SARS-CoV-2 in the literature. Conclusion: This study revealed that amentoflavone, rubranoside B, savinin, psoralidin, hirsutenone, and papyriflavonol A are good drug candidate for the search of antibiotics against COVID-19.
Background Although access to essential medicines means resolution for most health conditions in primary health care, ensuring it is still a complex challenge for all health systems. Recent studies show that fair access to medicines must be determined by health care needs, considering the variables in the socioeconomic environment. In this context, despite advances, weaknesses in the development of pharmaceutical services persist, strongly related to management capacity. The study investigates the relationship between the management capacity of Pharmaceutical Services and socioeconomic indices in Brazilian municipalities, analysing which contextual factors are involved in its development.Methods Data from a cross-sectional exploratory study at national scale and indicators developed by Faraco et al. were used to define the capacity of Pharmaceutical Services management. Pearson’s chi-square test and multivariate analysis were performed to associate Pharmaceutical Services management capacity with socioeconomic indices of each municipality. These socioeconomic indices were collected from public database platforms.Results The results prove significant relationships between management and socioeconomic indicators, suggesting that Pharmaceutical Services management capacity is influenced by the environment in which it operates. This study shows municipalities with better management capacity results were those with better socioeconomic indices, better health system conditions and structure, reflecting a greater number of professionals, greater participation of popular social control and use public resources. It is also highlighted that municipalities with a smaller population size and lower socio-economic indices have less ability to manage pharmaceutical services, revealing worsening inequalities for its citizens.Conclusions The existence of an adequate minimum structure, a qualified workforce, service organization, and opportunities for political articulation are essential, as well as conditions for these municipalities to develop and improve their management capacity and for financing based on socioeconomic indicators to become an effective access and adequate use of medicines for the population.
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