Cardiovascular autonomic markers such as cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (CBS) and heart rate variability (HRV) decline with the aging process. Aerobic training (AT) may be able to improve HRV, suggesting that AT can alter neuroregulatory control over the heart, improving autonomic markers and cardiac protection. Together, age and AT can influence HRV, but not revert the overall effects of aging on the decline of physical performance and HRV. The aim of this study was to review studies and describe the volume of AT necessary to produce modifications in HRV in elderly individuals. The review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalysis (PRISMA). The articles selected were indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Lilacs and Scopus. The used keywords were "aging", "heart rate variability", "exercise" combined with the Boolean descriptors "AND" and "OR" with the synonyms "elderly", "cardiac autonomic modulation", "aerobic training" and "endurance training". The filters "languages", "humans", "age" and "clinical trial" were applied in the selection of the articles. Initially, 940 articles were found, PubMed (n = 729), Lilacs (n = 16) and Scopus (n = 195), filters and searches led to the 287 potential studies. The keyword combinations provided 24 articles that were in agreement with the inclusion criteria, and after full reading of the texts, 17 studies were excluded. From seven articles, four showed increases in HRV in response to AT. In an older population, 8 weeks of AT is enough to induce positive changes on HRV. However, longer exercise protocols and higher intensities also seem to have some influence.
Background: Post-menopausal women have impaired cardiorespiratory responses to exercise compared to young women. Exercise training may counterbalance impairments, but the time-dependent effects of exercise training remain unclear. The current study aims to investigate the effects of rowing training on maximal aerobic capacity and time-course cardiorespiratory adaptations in older women. Methods: Female participants (n = 23) were randomly allocated to the experimental group (EXP; n = 23; 66 ± 5 years old) enrolled in rowing exercise training and control group (CON; n = 10; 64 ± 4 years old). The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CET) was performed in a cycle ergometer pre- and post-interventions. Oxygen uptake (VO2), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and HR were recorded during CET and analyzed at the peak of the exercise. HR was monitored during exercise recovery, and the index of HRR was calculated by ΔHRR (HRpeak—HR one-minute recovery). Every two weeks, Rowing Stepwise Exercise (RSE) in a rowing machine was performed to track specific adaptations to the exercise modality. HR was continuously recorded during RSE and corrected for the average power of each step (HR/watts). The rowing training protocol consisted of three weekly sessions of 30 min at an intensity corresponding to 60–80% of peak HR for ten weeks. Results: Rowing exercise training increased VO2, SV, and CO at the peak of the CET, and ΔHRR. Increased workload (W) and reduced HR response to a greater achieved workload (HR/W) during RSE were observed after six weeks of training. Conclusions: Rowing exercise training is a feasible method to improve cardiorespiratory performance, vagal reactivation and heart rate adjustments to exercise in older women.
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of whole body exercise training on spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity at rest, blood pressure and postural balance responses during orthostatic onset in older women. The sample composed by eight healthy older women (65±3 yrs.). R‐R intervals and blood pressure were continuously measured from a standard electrocardiogram (ECG) and infrared finger plethysmography, respectively, at rest (10min) and during orthostatic position (7min). Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity at rest was obtained by spectral method in the low‐frequency component of R‐R and systolic blood pressure time series (αLF). The nadir point was considered the lower value of mean arterial pressure (MAP) during transition from supine to orthostatic position. The percentage changes (%ΔMAP) from supine to orthostatic nadir were calculated. The time of MAP oscillations during orthostatic onset (MAPtime) was calculated by the sum of time to nadir and time to recovery (nearest value of MAP at rest). In addition, during the ORT onset (15s) the center of pressure displacements (COP) were acquired by a force plate, and COP distance and speed were calculated. The whole body exercise training protocol (rowing ergometer) consisted of three weekly sessions (30 minutes) at 60–80% of maximal heart rate (defined by a previous maximal exercise test) for 10 weeks. The volunteers were evaluated pre and post‐trainning. Student‐t tests for paired samples was employed (p≤0.05) to compare all variables. At rest, αLF (pre= 3.9 ±1.7 vs. post= 5.3 ±1.1 ms2 p<0.001) increased post‐training and MAP (pre= 85.1 ±10.3 vs. post= 77.4 ±7.8 mmHg p< 0.02) decreased. No differences in CO (pre= 4.526 ±0.7697 vs. post= 5.058 ±2.104 L/min p=0.02) and SV (pre= 66.33 ±19.94 vs. post= 72.18 ±29.67 mL p=0.01) were found at rest. Although %ΔMAP (pre= −0.3 ±0.2 vs. post= −0.3 ±0.16 mmHg p< 0.19) was not different pre and post training, MAPtime (pre= 14.16 ±3.996 vs. post= 10.94 ±5.637 seconds p<0.04) decreased post‐training protocol. Moreover. COP distance (pre= 673.7 ±74.9 vs. post= 560.3 ±95.1 mm p< 0.03) and speed (pre= 44.9 ±4.9 vs. post= 37.3 ±6.3 mm/s p<0.03) were lower post‐training. Whole body exercise training improves spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity at rest mean arterial pressure and postural balance adjustments during orthostatic stress onset in older women. Research ethics committee (CEP‐851.371/14).Support or Funding InformationFoundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro ‐ FAPERJ (E‐6/110.079/2013), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel ‐ CAPES.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
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