No Brasil, o comércio de peixes ornamentais de ambientes dulcícolas ainda depende essencialmente da atividade extrativista, principalmente na região amazônica. O estado do Pará se apresenta como um dos principais fornecedores de peixes ornamentais da família Loricariidae, sobretudo nas bacias do rio Xingu e Tapajós. No presente estudo analisamos a comercialização de peixes ornamentais da família Loricariidae oriundos do rio Tapajós e comercializados por empresas instaladas na cidade de Santarém. Os dados primários foram obtidos a partir das Guias de Transporte Animal (GTA) e Guias de Trânsito de Peixes com fins Ornamentais e de Aquariofilia (GTPON), perfazendo o período de janeiro/2013 a dezembro/2016. Foram comercializados um total de 136.705 exemplares que geraram a receita bruta de R$ 365.013,80. As espécies Baryancistrus sp. (LDA33), Hypancistrus sp. (L260), Pseudacanthicus sp. (L273) e Peckoltia compta (L134) são asmais produtivas e economicamente rentáveis, sendo responsáveis por 59,6% da receita bruta gerada no período de janeiro/2013 a dezembro/2016. A produção de peixes ornamentais em Santarém/PA é oriunda da atividade extrativista da pesca artesanal e quase totalmente comercializada no mercado nacional. Os resultados obtidos são importantes para a compreensão da cadeia produtiva de peixes ornamentais da bacia do Tapajós, pois ainda existe pouco conhecimento publicado sobre a estrutura da pesca ornamental nesta região.Palavras chave: acari, aquariofilia, cadeia produtiva, explotação, rio Tapajós Study of the Loricariidae family (Siluriformes) ornamental fish business at Santarém/PAABSTRACT. In Brazil, the trade of ornamental fish from freshwater environments still relies on the essentially extractive activity, largely in the Amazon region. The Pará State is one of the major Loricariidae ornamental fish supplier, especially with the Xingu and Tapajós river basins. In the present study, we analyzed the Loricariidae ornamental fish trade from the Tapajós River, marketed by companies operating at Santarém city. The raw data were compiled from the official documents: Animal Transport Guides (GTA) and Fish Transit Guides for Ornamental and Aquarium Fisheries (GTPON), covering a period from January/2013 to December/2016. Were sold 136.705 fish units, which yielded the gross income of R$ 365.013,80. The species Baryancistrus sp. (LDA33), Hypancistrus sp. (L260), Pseudacanthicus sp (L273) and Peckoltia compta (L134) were the most productive and economically profitable, accounting for 59.6% of the gross income in the period from January/2013 to December/2016. The ornamental fish production of Santarém/PA resulted from the extractive artisanal fishing and was almost fully sold into the Brazilian market.
The genus Pimelodus LaCépède, 1803 comprises 35 formally recognized species distributed along the major neotropical river basins. Despite conservatism in diploid number with 2n=56, an intense variation of chromosomal morphology (karyotypic formula) has been documented in Pimelodus species. In the present study, we analyzed karyotypes of 20 specimens, identified as Pimelodusblochii Valenciennes, 1840 and collected from the lower courses of the Tapajós, Amazonas and Trombetas Rivers. The karyotypes were characterized by Giemsa conventional staining, C-banding, silver staining (Ag-NOR) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 5S and 18S rDNA probes. The karyotypes showed 2n=56 chromosomes in fish from the Tapajós River. In contrast, fish from the Amazonas and Trombetas Rivers had 2n=58. The nucleolus organizing regions were labeled on the short arm of an acrocentric chromosome as demonstrated by silver staining and FISH. Signals for 18S and 5S rDNA were co-localized on one chromosome pair. Our results demonstrate karyotypic divergence between Tapajós and Amazonas-Trombetas populations of P.blochii, interpreted as supporting the existence of a species complex in this taxon.
Pterygoplichthys pardalis is an armored catfish native to South America and an important resource for the ornamental fish industry. Recently, several exotic populations have been introduced into rivers on five continents. Despite its commercial and environmental importance, P. pardalis is poorly studied from a genetic perspective. In this study, we analyzed the karyotype of P. pardalis from the Amazon River and molecular variations in the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) between native and exotic populations. The karyotype presented diploid number 2n = 52 and NF = 100 without cytogenetic variation between males and females. Nucleolus organizer regions (Ag-NOR) in the distal region of the long arm of pair 12 coincided with the 18S hybridization signal, whereas 5S was syntenic to this chromosome but localized in the short arm. The constitutive heterochromatin was restricted in the distal regions of pairs 4, 12, 25, and 26. Telomeric probes showed only distal hybridization signals. The karyotype of P. pardalis diverged from that of its congeners, and COI molecular variation revealed four haplotypes. The Philippine population revealed the greatest diversity with three haplotypes, while haplotype H1 was the most abundant and observed in both native and exotic populations. This new genetic data contributes to species management and provides useful information from an aquaculture perspective.
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