Objective: To modify the self-administered, short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for adults to be used in the elderly (aged 65 years and above), and to validate this modified IPAQ for the elderly (IPAQ-E). Design: A direct validity study using accelerometer-measured physical activity (PA) as the criterion measure, and an indirect criterion validity study using highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as a biological marker of activity. Setting: Organisations for retired persons in Sweden. Subjects: The direct validity study consisted of fifty-four participants and the indirect criterion validity study consisted of 359 participants. All participants were retired persons (66-91 years) living independently. Results: All self-reported activity domains (sitting, walking, moderate and vigorous) were positively correlated with the corresponding variable objectively assessed by an accelerometer (r 5 0?277-0?471), but a systematic error was observed. The specificity of IPAQ-E to identify low-active participants was 85 %, and the sensitivity to identify the more active participants was 81 %. A main effect of IPAQ-E category (Low, Moderate or High) was observed for hs-CRP (P 5 0?041). Conclusions: We found this modified version of IPAQ, the IPAQ-E, to be well accepted by our sample of socially active elderly. It provided acceptable estimates of PA, well in line with other questionnaires, even though it had a systematic error. The IPAQ-E was able to identify an expected response of a biomarker (hs-CRP) to PA. We recommend the use of the IPAQ-E to classify participants aged 65 years and above into PA categories, to rank individuals or to identify individuals meeting certain PA criteria. Keywords AccelerometryElderly International Physical Activity Questionnaire Physical activityTo promote and maintain health, regular physical activity (PA) is essential. In both men and women, individuals with a high level of PA have been shown to have a longer life expectancy than more sedentary individuals (1,2) . More recently, positive effects of PA have also been reported on cognitive functions (3,4) as well as on depression and anxiety disorders (5) . The level and pattern of PA and various health markers have been extensively studied in young and middle-aged groups, but not to the same extent in older adults (6) . The elderly (aged 65 years and above) are a rapidly growing age group in many countries, and therefore merit special attention with regard to PA behaviour and its effect on health.Most PA assessment methods have been developed for young-to-middle-aged participants, and just a few activity questionnaires have been developed specifically for the elderly participants (7) . This holds true also for the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, available at www.ipaq.ki.se (8) ), which was developed by an international consensus group in 1998, primarily for international surveillance studies of PA in adults aged 18-65 years (9) . The short-format IPAQ (10) and the long-form...

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Pyrosequencing is a robust genotyping modality suitable for clinical genotyping of patients not only of European, but also of African or Middle Eastern descent, who may harbor any combination of the three LCT mutations, LCT -13907C>G, LCT -13910C>T, LCT -13915T>G.

Our results suggest that both creatinine and cystatin C have independent associations with mortality not explained entirely by mGFR and that mGFR does not offer a more precise mortality risk assessment than these endogenous filtration markers combined.

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