Studies have found a high seroprevalence of T. gondii in schizophrenia patients than controls. This casecontrol study was done to determine the serprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and to identify its risk factors among schizophrenia patients at Hospital Kajang. Eighty-eight (88) schizophrenia patients and 88 nonpsychiatric controls were examined for the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic and behavioral data among the respondents. From the results, the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies was significantly higher (51.0%) in schizophrenia patients than in controls (30.7%); (OR = 2.01; 95% CI: 2.16-3.01; p = 0.023. There was no significant association between the socio-demographic factors and toxoplasmosis. Beef consumption (p = 0.004, OR = 3.852, CI: 1.550-9.569), pork consumption (p<0.001, OR = 13.089, 95%CI: 4.730-36.219) and risky cat contact (p = 0.047, OR = 4.061, 95% CI: 1.985-16.745), were found to be significantly associated with T. gondii infection. Our results show that there is a relationship between toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia.
Introduction: Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an effort by the government to improve public health. The main focus of pillar one is to stop open defecation. Sagulung Subdistrict has verified and non-verified ODF villages in their working area. This paper aims to create a CLTS model based on the pillar of one ODF in the Sagulung Subdistrict. Methods: This research used a mixed-method that combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. An amount of 90 families were chosen as respondents using a simple random sampling technique. Besides that, three programmers and five implementers from the government also became respondents. Data were analysed with a Chi-Square test and descriptive analysis. Results and Discussion: This research showed that ODF declaration and local policies were the aspects that had not been fulfilled to the maximum on CLTS pillar one in the Sugulung Subdistrict Government. Sungai Lekop Primary Health Care had not fully fulfilled three aspects: the concept, planning, and targets (advocated and local policies). As a Non-ODF village, Sungai Langkai primary health care did not fulfil the concept, planning, and target (certificate of the training program, advocated, declaration of ODF and local policies). Conclusion: Variables that have not been fulfilled optimally can be arranged as a recommendation model to successful ODF in Sagulung Subdistrict.
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