These more-precise estimates of the operational costs to deliver routine immunizations provide program managers with important information for mobilizing resources to help sustain the program and for improving annual planning and budgeting as well as longer-term resource allocation decisions.
Introduction: The Latin American Society of Pediatric Infectology (SLIPE for its acronym in Spanish) is working hard to contribute with strategic actions to prevent the recurrence of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and to prevent the reduction of vaccine coverage in the region of the Americas. Areas covered: On Friday, September 25th, a Latin American forum of experts on immunization services during the COVID-19 pandemic was held through Webex platform. Issues such as: the imminent risk of occurrence and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases, the importance of epidemiological surveillance and the vaccination campaign challenges, in the context of a pandemic were discussed. Expert opinion: Vaccination campaigns should no longer be postponed or delayed; instead, they must be reactivated; governments, scientific societies, and physicians must promote vaccination programs to avoid outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. On the eve of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, it is necessary to insist on the availability of sufficient doses to avoid dose shortages in disadvantaged areas of the region.
The funding for Honduras' immunization program is a small share of total public spending on health. However, new vaccines recently added to the schedule with financial support from Gavi have increased the financing requirements by more than 30% in comparison to 2008. The Honduran government and its partners are developing sustainability plans to cover a financing gap that will occur when the country graduates from Gavi support in 2016. Access to lower vaccine prices will make the existing and future program, including the planned introduction of HPV vaccine to adolescent girls, more affordable.
Auditory discomfort is commonly reported in many clinical conditions, including migraine, where it often accompanies photophobia. We presented various sounds and asked participants to rate the discomfort they experienced. In Experiments 1 and 2 tones were presented at frequencies between 0.25-8kHz and modulated sinusoidally in amplitude at frequencies between 0-32Hz. In Experiment 3 tones were swept in frequency from 500Hz-2kHz at sweep rates of 5-50 per second. In Experiment 4, sweeps varied in frequency range and central frequency. Discomfort increased with frequency. The effects of the amplitude modulation and sweep rate on discomfort were relatively small and were experienced mainly at low modulation frequencies and high sweep rates. Individuals with migraine experienced slightly but not significantly greater discomfort than other participants. However, individuals who experienced visuo-perceptual distortions in the Pattern Glare (PG) Test reported greater auditory discomfort. This suggests that sensory sensitivity in one modality may occur in another.
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