The recognition that where people live matters to their health has deep roots, highlighted in the works of Hippocrates, W. E. B. Du Bois, and in contemporary research on environmental and placebased factors that shape health. 1,2 Although health systems have come to accept their role in helping change community conditions in support of health, their complex institutional, financial, and sociopolitical considerations can prevent positive change or lead to more harm. We suggest that the concept of spatial justice must be incorporated in health system actions to improve population health.Spatial justice 3 refers to the relationship between people and places as mediated by historical and current values, assumptions, beliefs, policies, investments, and practices. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Roundtable on Population Health Improvement recently hosted a workshop on spatial justice as a driver of health in the context of societal emergencies, including pandemics and climate change. Participants-planners, architects, social scientists, community organizers, residents, policy makers, and others-examined how space is organized, used, allocated, owned, and who is or is not included in decisions about design, building, and use of spaces.