Los anfibios han diversificado predominantemente en ambientes tropicales donde la humedad, temperatura y disponibilidad de microhábitats facilitan la estabilidad demográfica. Sin embargo, múltiples linajes han colonizado desiertos extremos, donde su diversidad es considerablemente menor. Una especie en particular, el sapo de Atacama (Rhinella atacamensis), se ha adaptado al Desierto de Atacama, la región más árida en la Tierra. Pese a la singularidad ecológica de esta especie, la mayor parte de los aspectos de su historia natural, reproducción, patrones de actividad y conducta permanecen desconocidos. Usando cámaras trampa y observaciones de campo in situ, documentamos una serie de nuevos hallazgos en una población del Parque Nacional Llanos de Challe. Nuestro estudio muestra que R. atacamensis permanence oculto del sol en pequeñas pozas cubiertas por vegetación, donde el 100% de las hembras observadas mantiene un macho permanentemente abrazado en amplexo a todas horas del día. Los sapos emergen para conglomerarse en pequeñas pozas expuestas después de ponerse el sol (~20:00h), donde los machos se enfrentan en activos combates por hembras. Hasta cuatro machos se enfrentan por una misma hembra. Los sapos se vuelven a ocultar en las pozas cubiertas después de las ~06:00h. Los huevos depositados durante la noche eclosionan dentro de 24 horas. Discutimos estas observaciones en el contexto de la diversidad global de los sapos bufónidos en general, y en relación con los efectos que la selección que emerge de las duras condiciones de Atacama pueden ejercer sobre la expresión de estos caracteres.
The run-up to a full-scale U.S. military attack on Iraq -"shock and awe" --provided an unusual and ideal test the effectiveness of a parsimonious content analysis methodology designed to determine when a national leader made or would make a decision to go to war. As W. Ben Hunt's work that is the model for this study anticipated, editorials in The Wall Street Journal clearly ramped up war fever with not only the number of "get to it, George " editorials but also with the language. Critical editorials advised/urged/demanded Bush to get on with the second phase of the long-planned remaking of the Middle East --taking out Saddam Hussein. The paper links several aspects of post-Cold War, postmodern American life --low levels of knowledge, use of poll data throughout society, declining news consumption and others --to paint a picture of a newly vulnerable society, one willing -polls would indicate -to listen to and follow clear, perhaps simplistic, policies even to the point of a pre-emptive strike on a small nation that many could not locate on a map. Keywords :The Wall Street Journal, Newspapers, Media, public opinion, war, W. Ben Hunt, Iraq, President George W. Bush, United States IntroductionGeorge Bush's presidency has been defined by military action, first in Afghanistan, then in the run-up to attacking Iraq. His presidency has also been distinguished by the scant number of live press conferences (two during prime time in two years); secrecy, misstatements and threats made by Bush and by cabinet members, particularly Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld (Rumsfeld remarks). New York press tagged journalists' docility at a March 2003, "a political catastrophe" and "a mini-Alamo for American journalism" (Gladstone, 2003).After the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Towers in Washington and New York, unprecedented limitations placed on civil liberties met with little resistance from a fearful public. As Bush's verbal attacks on Iraq escalated through 2002 and into 2003 and military might massed on Iraqi borders, Bush became known around the world for strong-arming other nations' leaders, with a bucket of million dollar bills, for support despite worldwide popular resistance and for his unilateral abandonment of long-held treaties and allies. While Bush and the United States are despised by large majorities in most of the Arab world, including nations that are official allies of the United States (Moore, 2002), Bush's poll ratings with the American public inched upward even as American troops forged toward Iraq (Gallup, March 2003; see Figure 1). Even more nuanced polls such as the March 7, 2003, CBS poll, showed that a majority of Americans polled supported Bush (CBS, ). Bush has won Gallup's "most admired man" award, announced in December, for the second year in a row (Carroll, 2002). At the same time Bush maintained poll ratings rivaling the most popular American presidents (Figure 1), he remained seemingly immune to economic and other domesMaterial published as part of these procee...
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