Abstract:The drainages of the Iguaçu River basin, as well as the main channel of the river, have peculiar characteristics resulting from geomorphological processes in this area, including the formation of the Iguaçu River Falls. This slope in the lower portion of the basin is a biogeographical barrier to many organisms. In this study was inventoried the fish fauna of streams of the lower Iguaçu River basin, evaluating possible differences in the species composition upstream and downstream of this biogeographical barrier. Sampling were conducted between 2004 and 2013, in five streams, three upstream and two downstream of the Iguaçu River Falls, using electrofishing. The nMDS analysis was run to investigate possible groupings of similar fauna between the streams sampled. The scores of this test were tested as to the significance of groupings with the Hotelling T 2 test. The indicator value method (IndVal) was used to detect the distribution of species among the groups of the streams upstream and downstream of the Iguaçu River Falls. We collected 18,908 individuals of six orders, 11 families, and 40 species. Siluriformes and Characiformes had the highest species richness; Cyprinodontiformes presented the highest abundance. Considering the species recorded, 21 are considered natives to the Iguaçu River basin, including 15 endemic, wich were found only in streams upstream of the falls. Additional 18 species were verified only in the streams downstream of such barrier. Four species were common to both stretches. The axis 1 of the nMDS separated two groups: streams upstream (S1, S2 and S3) and streams downstream of the Iguaçu River Falls (S4 and S5). The indicator species analysis also indicated a distinction between the groups of streams, that were significantly different (Hotelling's T 2 = 234.36, p ˂ 0.0001). The number of endemic species in the streams upstream of the Falls (15 spp.) evidences a significant effect of isolation promoted by the Iguaçu River Falls, and confirms the role of this barrier in the vicariant processes and endemism typical of this basin. These results emphasize the importance of conserving these ecosystems, once the extinction of species in this region means the irreversible loss of them. Resumo: As drenagens da bacia do rio Iguaçu, bem como o canal principal do rio, possuem características peculiares resultantes de processos geomorfológicos dessa área, incluindo a formação das Cataratas do rio Iguaçu. Esse desnível na porção inferior da bacia constitui uma barreira biogeográfica para muitos organismos. Neste trabalho inventariamos a fauna de peixes de riachos na porção do baixo rio Iguaçu, avaliando possíveis diferenças na composição de espécies acima e abaixo dessa barreira biogeográfica. Entre 2004 e 2013, foram amostrados cinco riachos, sendo três localizados acima das Cataratas do Iguaçu e dois abaixo, por meio de pesca elétrica. Para investigar possíveis padrões de agrupamentos de fauna similares entre os riachos amostrados foi

LWR parameters can also be an important tool for supporting fish biology studies, fisheries management plans, fish diversity conservation actions and maintenance of ecosystem services (Oliveira, Loverde-Oliveira, Mateus, & Teixeira-de Mello, 2014). Campos Gerais National Park (CGNP) is a protected area located in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. It is a remnant of the Atlantic rainforest, a biodiversity hotspot. The park is in an ecoregion characterized by the predominance of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Gunze, popularly known as Parana Pine, this tree is a critically endangered species (Thomas, 2013). CGNP was created in 2006 and aims to preserve native, endemic and endangered species. However, the park has been economically exploited by landowners, with negative impacts such as pollution, erosion, riparian vegetation degradation and introduction of non-native species (Oliveira, 2014). In addition, the CGNP does not have a management plan and studies of continental water fishes in the region are scarce, which makes local preservation difficult. In this context, this study is the first investigation of LWR parameters of seven fish species from the CGNP. We hope to contribute to the database needed to develop the park's management plan and conservation actions for the investigated species. 2 | MATERIAL S AND ME THODS Fishes used for the Length-Weight Relationship parameters were collected in nine streams of the Ribeira of Iguape River basin, inside the CGNP, near Ponta Grossa city, in Paraná, Brazil (Figure 1).

Functional diversity is an emergent approach in ecology that has been applied globally to better understand the relationships between organisms and the environment. However, assessing the functional diversity of freshwater fish is a challenge for scientists. Aiming to summarize the evolution of scientific knowledge on fish functional diversity, we performed a systematic review of the literature published from 1945 to 2021 using the Web of Science. Based on the 101 articles reviewed, we found that publications about functional diversity of fishes have increased over time, mainly in Neotropical, Indomalayan and Palearctic regions. Most studies were conducted in lotic ecosystems, especially to assess environmental impacts such as biological invasions and land use. Functional diversity has been assessed mainly by morphological traits that reflect feeding and locomotion dimensions. Functional richness was the most common index used in the studies. Our findings suggest that political neglect and lack of investments may hamper the research development in several places. The missing information about the functional traits of many species may limit the use of the functional approach. We also highlight the need for the incorporation of functional diversity in conservation programs once functional diversity is a key facet of biodiversity to maintain freshwater ecosystem functioning.

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large‐scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications.