Cells of Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium taken from six characteristic stages of growth were subjected to an acidic stress (pH 3.3). As expected, the bacterial resistance increased from the end of the exponential phase to the late stationary phase. Moreover, the shapes of the survival curves gradually evolved as the physiological states of the cells changed. A new primary model, based on two mixed Weibull distributions of cell resistance, is proposed to describe the survival curves and the change in the pattern with the modifications of resistance of two assumed subpopulations. This model resulted from simplification of the first model proposed. These models were compared to the Whiting's model. The parameters of the proposed model were stable and showed consistent evolution according to the initial physiological state of the bacterial population. Compared to the Whiting's model, the proposed model allowed a better fit and more accurate estimation of the parameters. Finally, the parameters of the simplified model had biological significance, which facilitated their interpretation.When thermal or nonthermal inactivation of spores or vegetative microorganisms is considered, the log-linear shape of bacterial survival curves is a particular case among types of curves (12,17,43,49). In the case of nonthermal inactivation caused by unfavorable environmental conditions, the shape of curves indicates more pronounced heterogeneity according to the intensity of the stress. A bacterial strain can produce different shapes of survival curves. Frequently, concave curves may become convex or sigmoidal when the intensity of the stress varies (6,7,10,19,24,38,45,47,48). The patterns of survival curves may also vary with the physiological state of the cells and are dependent on the phase of growth (exponential or stationary phase) and also on the conditions of adaptation before the stress (18,25,36).In order to model nonthermal inactivation curves, a number of primary models have been proposed. Among these models are the vitalistic models proposed by Cole et al. (13,28,39), models describing both growth and inactivation (26,27,32,37,40,41), the modified Gompertz model (24, 32), the exponential model (31), and the log-linear model with latency time (6) and/or with a tail (5). These models cannot deal with all shapes of curves, and most of them are based on log-linear inactivation.Some models can describe non-log-linear decrease or sigmoidal inactivation curves. The Weibull model has largely been used in thermal and nonthermal treatment studies. It is based on the hypothesis that the resistance to stress of a population follows a Weibull distribution (14,19,34,44,45). This type of model can describe linear, concave, or convex curves. It was modified and extended to sigmoidal curves in heat treatment studies (2). The model of Baranyi and Roberts (3) and the model of Geeraerd et al. (17) can describe a linear shape with or without shoulder or tail and sigmoidal shapes (21,22). These models, which can...
This article reports a quantitative risk assessment of human listeriosis linked to the consumption of soft cheeses made from raw milk. Risk assessment was based on data purposefully acquired inclusively over the period 2000-2001 for two French cheeses, namely: Camembert of Normandy and Brie of Meaux. Estimated Listeria monocytogenes concentration in raw milk was on average 0.8 and 0.3 cells/L, respectively, in Normandy and Brie regions. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to account for the time-temperature history of the milk and cheeses from farm to table. It was assumed that cell progeny did not spread within the solid cheese matrix (as they would be free to do in liquid broth). Interaction between pH and temperature was accounted for in the growth model. The simulated proportion of servings with no L. monocytogenes cell was 88% for Brie and 82% for Camembert. The 99th percentile of L. monocytogenes cell numbers in servings of 27 g of cheese was 131 for Brie and 77 for Camembert at the time of consumption, corresponding respectively to three and five cells of L. monocytogenes per gram. The expected number of severe listeriosis cases would be < or =10(-3) and < or =2.5 x 10(-3) per year for 17 million servings of Brie of Meaux and 480 million servings of Camembert of Normandy, respectively.
Penicillium glabrum is a ubiquitous fungus distributed world wide. This fungus is a frequent contaminant in the food manufacturing industry. Environmental factors such as temperature, water activity and pH have a great influence on fungal development. In this study, a strain of P. glabrum referenced to as LCP 08.5568, has been isolated from a bottle of aromatized mineral water. The effects of temperature, a(w) and pH on radial growth rate were assessed on Czapeck Yeast Agar (CYA) medium. Models derived from the cardinal model with inflection [Rosso et al., 1993 An unexpected correlation between cardinal temperatures of microbial growth highlighted by a new model. J. Theor. Bio. 162, 447-463.] were used to fit the experimental data and determine for each factor, the cardinal parameters (minimum, optimum and maximum). Precise characterisation of the growth conditions for such a fungal contaminant, has an evident interest to understand and to prevent spoilage of food products.
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