A review of the relevant literature describing mathematical and empirical properties of ipsative and nonipsative measures is undertaken. This literature is evaluated and summarized, and the need for a simple procedure for quantifying the "degree of ipsativity" in measuring instruments is indicated. The present paper concludes that although nonipsative (normative or forced-choice normative) measuring instruments can be highly effective in most assessment situations, purely ipsative instruments, on the other hand, possess such extensive psychometric limitations that use of such instruments is not recommended.1 This discussion represents an extensive revision of a report (Smith, 196S) which was written when the author was associated with the

The criteria for typology described by Mendelsohn, Weiss, and Feimer (1982) are reexamined. It is argued that the first of the two criteria for single-variable typologies, multimodality, is a weak one for psychological data and that only the second criterion, discontinuity against an external variable, is telling. It is agreed that these authors' requirement that multiple-variable typologies combine interactively to predict external variables is a mandatory one, although it is not one that is diagnostic of typology. These issues are illustrated by a multiple-variable, explicitly typological system specified by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This system predicts both single-variable and interactive relationships against external criteria and explicitly proposes discontinuity at the scales' midpoints. The present MBTI study, like others, yielded no predictor bimodality, though the distribution displayed platykurtosis, the index of which is maximized with bimodal distributions. Similarly, the criterion distribution did not display bimodality, though conventional assessments of differences in distribution location evidenced sharp discontinuities at the midpoint for one variable, Sensing-Intuition, against two criteria, and for a second variable, Extraversion-Introversion, against one criterion. Predictor variable interactions were only weakly displayed. A review of relevant MBTI research, coupled with these findings, challenges pessimism about the verifiability of all typological systems, suggesting that further investigation of this approach, using appropriate data analytic procedures, would be fruitful. A cogent discussion of the conceptual issues associated with use of typologies was recently provided by Mendelsohn, Weiss, and Feimer (1982), who reexamined what were described as the "implicitly typological" assumptions underlying the interpretation of a well-known data set (Block, von der Lippe, & Block, 1973). The Mendelsohn et al. critique produced a heated response by the Block group (Block & Ozer, 1982) and a retort by the Mendelsohn faction (Weiss, Mendelsohn, & Feimer, 1982). This debate, though marked by passion and occasional hyperbole, actually begins to provide a useful airing of the scientific and psychometric criteria for explicit and implicit typologies, as well as for the nontypological labels that psychologists are notoriously fond of emitting.

Tonic immobility in chickens was affected by a variety of drugs that act on monoaminergic systems. Compounds that enhanced the duration of tonic immobility were d-LSD, BOL-148, pargyline, and iproniazid; 5-hydroxytryptophan, p-CPA, and atropine had no effect. Injections of serotonin depressed response duration. A suggestive parallel was noted between the results of the present study and those of previous work reporting druginduced suppression of raphe 1 electrical activity. The data appear to implicate monoamines, especially serotonin, in the mediation of behavioral activation and suppression.

A battery of cognitive measures, an adjustment measure, and multiple health indices were obtained for sibling pairs who differed in the timing of their participation in the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) several years earlier, with participation during the perinatal period occurring for one sibling, but after one year of age for the other. Results indicated that the perinatally supplemented group showed significant Most studies of the effects of malnutrition or nutritional supplementation on children's intellectual and adaptive functioning have involved moderate or severe protein-calorie malnutrition in third world countries. '-5 Some studies suggest that maternal nutritional status in western nations has measurable effects, both on maternal health indicators6 and on infant birth weight and head circumference.7-9 A further link between such infants' birth weight and/or head circumference and subsequent cognitive functioning has usually,8-'0 but not always' 1,12 been reported, in large sample studies.The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the possible impact of a supplemental food program provided during the perinatal period upon cognitive functioning approximately five to seven years later. The portion of the perinatal period during which special supplementation occurred corresponded to the brain "growth spurt" period,'3-'7 that occurs during the final trimester of pregnancy and a postnatal period of roughly 6 to 12 months.The group of children studied here did not meet standard criteria of malnutrition; they were drawn from a popula-

Small doses of morphine, within the range of 0.02 mg/kg to 10.15 mg/kg were administered to chickens (Gallus gallus) and the effect on the fear-based tonic immobility (TI) response determined. All doses at and above 0.13 mg/kg enhanced the TI response significantly above the levels produced for the 0.2 mg/kg dose and the distilled water control group. Administration of a single large dose of p-chlorophenylalanine prevented the morphine-induced enhancement of TI. It was suggested that serotonin systems mediate morphine effects on tonic immobility in chickens.