The current study examined academic language (AL) input of mothers and teachers to 15 monolingual Dutch and 15 bilingual Turkish-Dutch 4-to 6-year-old children and its relationships with the children's language development. At two times, shared book reading was videotaped and analyzed for academic features: lexical diversity, syntactic complexity, and abstractness. The AL features in the input of mothers varied considerably among individuals, were strongly intercorrelated and stable over time, and were positively related to children's language skills. For Turkish children, input in Turkish was related to vocabulary in Dutch as well. Compared to mothers, teachers provided input that was more academic. The teachers of the Turkish group used more abstract language but relatively less lexically diverse and syntactically complex talk than the teachers of the Dutch group. By simplifying their language lexically and syntactically, teachers might provide impoverished input to children learning Dutch as a second language.Keywords academic language; shared reading; bilingual development; caretakers' input The research reported here is part of the Development of Academic Language in School and at Home (DASH) project, a joint research project of the Universities of Utrecht, Amsterdam, and Tilburg. The project was coordinated by Paul Leseman (Utrecht University) and funded by the Programme for Educational Research of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (dossier number 411-03-060). We are grateful to the teachers, parents, and children who participated in this research and to our coworkers in the project: Paul Leseman, Ton Vallen, Rob Schoonen, Aziza Mayo, Anna Scheele, and Mohammadi Laghzaoui.Correspondence
IntroductionWhen children enter primary school (kindergarten) at the age of 4 (as is the case in the Netherlands), they have to get acquainted with a new language register: academic language (AL), that is, the language register that is highly valued in school contexts and that shares many linguistic features with the language in instruction situations and textbooks in education (Aarts, Demir, & Vallen, 2011;Cummins, 1984;Schleppegrell, 2004; Snow & Uccelli, 2009). Though AL is a register specific to school contexts, early traces or precursors of the academic register can be found in preschool caregiver-child interaction. The emergence of AL can be seen as a mediating link between home language and literacy practices and (later) school achievement (Leseman, Scheele, Mayo, & Messer, 2007). Children from immigrant minority groups, like Turkish children in the Netherlands, are facing a double challenge here. First, they need to learn the specific AL register and, second, they are expected to do so in a language that is not their native one. Thus, one of the explanations for the problems children frequently encounter in school can be found in a lack of experience with the language register that is needed for school success (Aarts et al., 2011;Bernstein, 1971;Cummins, 1991;Heath, 1983;Hoff-Ginsberg, 1991;Lacroi...