For over WO years, the company network was a major feature of organized corporate govemance in Germany. This paper uses network visualization techniques and qualitative-historical analysis to discuss the structure, origins and development of this network and to analyse the reasons for its recent erosion. Network visualization makes it possible to identify crucial entanglement pattems that can be traced back historically. In three phases of network formation - the ISSOs, 1920s and the 1950s ~ capital entanglement resulted from the interaction of company behaviour and government policy. In its heyday, the company network was de facto encompassing and provided its core participants, especially the hanks, with a national, macroeconomic perspective. In the 1970s, increased competition among financial companies set in. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining returns from hlockhotding and increased opportunity costs made network dissolution a thinkable option for companies. Because of the strategic reorientation of the largest banks toward investment banking, ties between banks and industry underwent functional changes. Since the year 2000, the German government's tax policy has sped up network erosion. Vanishing capital ties imply a declining degree of strategic co-ordination among large German companies
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BackgroundThe consistent focus of ‘Advances in Neuroblastoma Research’ congresses on the topic neuroblastoma sets it as a model for a circumscribed scientific community.MethodsThe contributions of authors, institutions and countries to congress abstracts and their collaborations were compared to the Hirsch index (h-index) calculated from the Web of Science publication output on the topic ‘neuroblastoma’.ResultsFrom 1975 to 2016, 18 congresses were held. 8459 authors affiliated to 553 institutions of 53 countries presented 3,993 abstracts. The number of coauthors increased over the years from 2 to 7. A considerable proportion of authors, institutions and countries presented only once (53.7%/25.7%/13.2%). Authors with a high number of abstracts and with a large local network were often among those with a higher publication rate and success (R2 = 0.508 for Pearson’s correlation between weight and h-index, R2 = 0.474 for degree centrality, R2 = 0.364 for lobby-index). Closeness and betweenness centralities were less correlated (R2 = 0.127/R2 = 0.33, resp.). The institutions showed a similar impact of local interactions on publication success (degree centrality R2 = 0.417, weight R2 = 0.308), while countries demonstrated a higher correlation of betweenness centrality and h-Index (R2 = 0.704) emphasizing their brokerage role. Of 553 institutions, 520 collaborated within 13 communities and belonged to the large scientific network. 33 satellite institutions had no connections to the central network. They attended 1–4 congresses over a period of 1–16 years.ConclusionA large scientific network has been developed during the recent 42 years. Growth and interaction at congresses were correlated to publication success. Weight is suggested as a useful and simple estimate.
If the trade between any two countries consists mainly of compon ents, this points to either a cross-border organi zation of production or an a-;scmbly of car components in the destination country (in the sense of import substitution of finish ed cars). In the image below, we mark trade flows consisting mainly of car parts a-; red; flows where trade is almost solely made up of fully a-;scmblcd cars arc dark green. The pies show the resulting country-specific aggregation of a country's total trade: whether imports or exports consist mainly of parts (red) or exclusively of cars (green).Dark green flows occur mainly between the two clusters of the world's car trade, reflect ing the fact that trade between the North-American /Japanes e cluster and the Europe an cluster consis ts mainly of finished cars.
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