This study evaluated the genotoxicity, mutagenicity, antigenotoxicity, and
antimutagenicity effects on biochemical parameters of oxidative stress of the
Spondias dulcis bark ethanolic extract on mice. The extract
was evaluated in the doses of 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg bw via gavage. To
evaluate the protective effects of the extract, benzo[a]pyrene
(B[a]P) and cyclophosphamide (CP) were chosen as DNA damage
inducers. Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity were evaluated by the comet assay.
Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and antimutagenicity were evaluated by the
micronucleus test in bone marrow and peripheral blood. The biochemical
parameters of oxidative stress were evaluated by the quantification of catalase
activity (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in total blood, liver and kidney,
and malondialdehyde (MDA), in liver and kidney. No genotoxic, cytotoxic, or
mutagenic effect was found on mice exposed to the extract. The extract depleted
the number of damaged nucleoids in total blood and the number of micronucleus
(MN) in both cell types. The extract was able to increase CAT activity and GSH
levels and decrease MDA levels after treatment with B[a]P and CP. The results
indicate that the S. dulcis extract has potential to be used as
preventive compound against DNA damage caused by CP and B[a]P.
The objective of this study was to identify nursing students' knowledge about long-term bladder catheterization. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional research with a quantitative approach. An instrument with multiple choice questions was applied to graduates of a university in the interior of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 81 students from the seventh term, most of them female, 20 to 30 years old, night students, singles, family income of 1 to 4 minimum salaries, no training and no experience in the area of nursing. The questions that presented the highest percentage of correct answers were the materials needed for the procedure (93.8%), a step that is not part of the end of the technique (87.7%) and part of the catheterization process (76.5%). It is concluded that most of the students have knowledge about the technique, since in most of the questions more than 50% of the group pointed out the correct alternative.
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