Mangrove species are uniquely adapted to tropical and subtropical coasts, and although relatively low in number of species, mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each year in ecosystem services and support coastal livelihoods worldwide. Globally, mangrove areas are declining rapidly as they are cleared for coastal development and aquaculture and logged for timber and fuel production. Little is known about the effects of mangrove area loss on individual mangrove species and local or regional populations. To address this gap, species-specific information on global distribution, population status, life history traits, and major threats were compiled for each of the 70 known species of mangroves. Each species' probability of extinction was assessed under the Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Eleven of the 70 mangrove species (16%) are at elevated threat of extinction. Particular areas of geographical concern include the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America, where as many as 40% of mangroves species present are threatened with extinction. Across the globe, mangrove species found primarily in the high intertidal and upstream estuarine zones, which often have specific freshwater requirements and patchy distributions, are the most threatened because they are often the first cleared for development of aquaculture and agriculture. The loss of mangrove species will have devastating economic and environmental consequences for coastal communities, especially in those areas with low mangrove diversity and high mangrove area or species loss. Several species at high risk of extinction may disappear well before the next decade if existing protective measures are not enforced.

Provides a review of the gap between student's entrepreneurial needs and aspirations and the entrepreneurship education offerings within higher education institutions (HEIs) in Leicestershire, UK. Utilises data from three surveys of university fresher students, held in 2001. Uses the findings as the basis to assess the gap between fresher students' entrepreneurial needs and aspirations and the capability of HEIs to meet them. Draws on multiple surveys from universities in Leicestershire and so will be of relevance to other HEIs with similar student demographics. Fulfils a need to take a strategic review of how HEIs can develop the capability to meet the entrepreneurial needs of new students in supporting their future aspirations.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop the understanding of the challenges and considerations of how new and innovative entrepreneurship education programmes may be inculcated into UK higher education institutions (HEIs).Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs an action research approach to provide insights into entrepreneurship education andragogy in the first instance and in the second instance evaluate the success of such a programme then discuss the challenges of embedding it within universities.FindingsThe paper provides substantial evidence for the effectiveness of innovative programmes and concludes that it would be difficult to embed such a programme within HEIs in the UK due to: resource limitations; lack of training in synergistic methods; keeping the freshness alive; finding suitable entrepreneurs to take part in the programme; finding the right space in academic timetable and curriculum.Research limitations/implicationsIn this paper the evidence for the success of the programme comes from one cohort of students who were followed for a 12‐month period and the assessment of suitability for embedding in universities is based on this one experience.Practical implicationsThe paper shows issues about the structural problems of embedding entrepreneurship programmes that employ new pedagogic methodology seem significant. The question of whether or not universities should make the effort to try to embed new learning and teaching methods is broached and the conclusion is that it is unlikely that any such programmes could be adopted in any substantial way.Originality/valueThe paper has developed a tripartite approach to delivering entrepreneurship education, which involves new synergistic learning techniques. The paper broadens the discussion about the challenges of bring such programmes into UK HEIs.

This article develops our understanding of how entrepreneurship may be enhanced in existing entrepreneurs and developed in nascent entrepreneurs. It describes the authors' exploration in the design, development and evaluation of a new programme to create opportunities for learning entrepreneurship capacities. A tripartite approach was taken, bringing together nascent entrepreneurs (undergraduate students), existing entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship facilitators. The programme was delivered using a synergistic learning approach and participatory methods in which all participants were co-learners in a collaborative, peer-learning environment. This article describes the action research approach to the exploration of entrepreneurship education androgogy and contributes to the growing body of literature in entrepreneurship education. It provides insights into how entrepreneurship education can be delivered in innovative and effective ways that mirror the 'real world' experience of existing and nascent entrepreneurs. It also provides insights into the nature and use of a synergistic learning approach within an entrepreneurship education context.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine why social entrepreneurs in the USA choose to operate an entirely fair trade business and the factors that affect fair trade social entrepreneurship. Fair trade seeks to benefit producers in developing countries by providing a market for their goods in developed countries. Fair trade enables all parties in the supply chain to make living wages and/or a profit. Design/methodology/approach – Using a qualitative multiple case study approach of social entrepreneurs in 35 US fair trade companies, the authors develop a model and nine propositions to explain the findings. Findings – The authors identify three primary motivational factors (ethical belief, religious faith, and business values), four contributory factors that strengthen fair trade engagement (family member involvement, the trend toward for profit status, industry professionalism, and consumer education), and three negative factors that work to discourage involvement (loss of identity, lack of industry consensus, and the shortage of retailers). The authors conclude by using the findings to consider the future of US fair trade social entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications – The authors recognize limitations due to the sample size. Practical implications – The authors believe that fair trade is worthy of further study and increased awareness. Social implications – Increased awareness of fair trade may lead to better consumer buying decisions. Originality/value – The authors contribute to the development of theory in the study of fair trade, which has rarely been studied in the context of US social entrepreneurs.

Purpose – This editorial aims to investigate the interface between gendered processes and family business by exploring the extent to which gendered processes are reinforced (or not) in family business operations and dynamics. This approach will complement the agency and resource-based view theoretical bases that dominate family business research (Chrisman et al., 2009) and further contribute to extending gender theories. Design/methodology/approach – Acknowledging that gender is socially constructed, this editorial discusses the interface between gendered processes and family business within entrepreneurship research. Findings – Despite a growing interest in gender and family business, there is limited literature that explores gender theory within family business research. A gender theory approach embracing family business research contributes to a needed theoretical deconstruction of existing perspectives on the operations, sustainability and succession of family businesses in the twenty-first century. Originality/value – This editorial makes a contribution to extant scholarship by extending gender theories through an exploration of the gendered processes in family business research.

This editorial provides an outline and reasoning for the launch of the new Journal of Family Business Management. The paper explains how the family business subject area has developed in previous years and highlights the authors' views on where the subject needs to focus in future. Design/methodology/approach This article is an editorial with commentary on family business subject area. It provides discussion about what is a family business; discussed the growth in family business studies; highlights the need for family businesses to focus on competitive advantage. Findings Family Business has evolved significantly over the past decade and today it is a well accepted and respected field of inquiry. In gaining academic acceptance, it has retained its practitioner roots. The paper argues that it is time for a rethink because the focus of previous family business research has become somewhat convoluted with SME research (at least in the UK) and with particular parts of the family business rather than the entire family business sytem. Research implications (if applicable) The paper argues that it is still the case that the proportion of family business related journals in relation to all business journals is small. Family Businesses constitute the majority of global businesses and their contribution to global economy is significantly greater than non-family owned businesses. However, academic research on family businesses is still a new field less than 30 years old with many subjects and topics yet to be explored. This paper describes the approach the Journal of Family Business Management will adopt to address this imbalance and how it will focus on research that takes an inclusive, cross-disciplinary approach to the study of family business management. Practical implications (if applicable) To continue its impressive upward trajectory, family business management and research needs to embrace new theoretical perspectives and approaches, particularly those which come from disciplines like psychology that at the moment have tenuous links to family business studies. It also needs to embrace learning that can be gained from practitioners and develop a useful discourse between stakeholder groups in the family business community. Originality/value This article highlights the contribution that this new journal brings to the family business subject area and defines the gap that it aims to fill. It will be useful for academics, researchers and family business practitioners, policy makers and professional business advisors.

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