Over the past several years, substantial research effort has gone into measuring the efficiency of financial institutions. Many studies have found that inefficiencies are quite large, on the order of 20% or more of total banking industry costs and about half of the industry's potential profits. There is no consensus on the sources of the differences in measured efficiency. This paper examines several possible sources, including differences in efficiency concept, measurement method, and a number of bank, market, and regulatory characteristics. We review the existing literature and provide new evidence using data on U.S. banks over the period 1990-95.

Over the past several years, substantial research effort has gone into measuring the efficiency of financial institutions. Many studimhave found that inefficiencies are quite huge, on the order of 20% or more of total banking industry cosu and about hal.fof the indmtry's potential profi~. There is no consensus on the sources of the differences in measured efficiency. This paper examines several possible sources, including differences in efficiency concept, measurement method, and a number of bank, market, and re@atory characteristics. We review the existing literature and provide new evidence using data on U.S. banks over the period 1990-95.

Over the past several years, substantial research effort has gone into measuring the efficiency of financial institutions. Many studimhave found that inefficiencies are quite huge, on the order of 20% or more of total banking industry cosu and about hal.fof the indmtry's potential profi~. There is no consensus on the sources of the differences in measured efficiency. This paper examines several possible sources, including differences in efficiency concept, measurement method, and a number of bank, market, and re@atory characteristics. We review the existing literature and provide new evidence using data on U.S. banks over the period 1990-95.