The relationships between children and parents seem to be one of the most urgent issues in the contemporary world, spanning from the United States and European countries to East Asian societies, as a consequence of the transformation of traditional family ethics, values and institutions brought about by the processes of modernization and globalization. The present paper aims to reveal the ways and problems of the application of xiao 孝 (filial piety) ethics in the contemporary Western and Chinese societies, as reflected in the works by a number of famous Western Protestant missionaries, religious philosophers, sinologists and present-day Lithuanian Sinology students, and counterbalance their views with the insights of contemporary Chinese sociologists. The place of xiao in the contemporary inter-cultural dialogue will be discussed from the point of view of dialogue between religions, theory and practice, Western and Chinese culture, traditional and modern societies and values.Keywords: filial piety (xiao), Confucianism, care, duty, rights IzvlečekZdi se, da so odnosi med otrokom in starši eden izmed najbolj perečih vprašanj v sodobnem svetu, ki sega od ZDA in evropskih držav, do vzhodnoazijskih družb, kot posledice preoblikovanja tradicionalne družinske etike, vrednot in institucij, ki jih prinašajo procesi modernizacije in globalizacije. Namen tega prispevka je razkriti načine in probleme uporabe etike xiao 孝 (spoštovanja staršev) v sodobnih zahodnih in kitajski družbah, kar se odraža v delih številnih znanih zahodnih protestantskih misijonarjev, verskih filozofov, sinologov in današnjih litvanskih študentov sinologije, in jih primerja s spoznanji sodobnih kitajskih sociologov. O vlogi etike xiao v sodobnem medkulturnem dialogu se razpravlja z vidika dialoga med religijami, med teorijo in prakso, med zahodno in kitajsko kulturo, med tradicionalnimi in sodobnimi družbami in vrednotami.Ključne besede: spoštovanje staršev (xiao), konfucianizem, skrb, dolžnost, pravice
Abstract**The paper deals with the relation of Daoist (mainly Zhuangzi's) ecological ideas on inter-penetration and "communication-without-communication" of things to Chinese landscape and bamboo painting, more specifically, to the ideas about the harmonization of the painter with the things (scene) painted in the process of producing the artwork. Its purpose is to explore a more nuanced, philosophical and non-Eurocentric interpretation of this peculiar kind of harmony of things or their "unity in particularity", as inspired by Zhuangzi's ideas and seemingly embodied in Chinese literati painting. For this purpose, the paper introduces few conceptual models, formulated by Western sinologists, as the particular philosophical schemes for the understanding of Zhuangzi's epistemology and cosmology, and then discusses their applicability with regard to the relationships between the painter and the world, as presented in early and classical Chinese painting aesthetics and theory.Keywords: Harmony, Dao, thing (wu 物), ecology, transformation Utelešenje Zhuangzijeve ekološke modrosti v kitajskem slikarstvu literatov (wenrenhua 文人畫) in njegova estetika IzvlečekPrispevek se ukvarja z daoističnimi (večinoma Zhuangzijevimi) ekološkimi idejami o interpenetraciji stvari in »komunikaciji-brez-komunikacije« ter z njihovo povezavo s kitajskim krajinskim slikarstvom, še posebej z idejami harmonizacije slikarja s stvarmi (podobami), ki jih naslika v procesu stvarjenja umetniškega izdelka. Namen prispevka je to proučiti in prikazati nekoliko bolj niansirano, filozofsko in ne-evropocentrično interpretacijo tovrstne specifične harmonije stvari ali njihovo »enost v posebnosti«, navdihnjeno z Zhuangzijevimi idejami in utelešeno v kitajskem slikarstvu literatov. S tem namenom prispevek najprej predstavi nekaj konceptualnih modelov, ki so jih formulirali zahodni sinologi kot posebne filozofske sheme za razumevanje Zhuangzijeve epistemologije in kozmologije, ter poskuša prikazati njihovo uporabnost z upoštevanjem odnosov med slikarjem in svetom, kot je prikazano v zgodnji klasični estetiki in teoriji kitajskega slikarstva.
The paper aims to discuss two popular interpretations of Daoism and its application to contemporary world: The Dao of Pooh by Benjamin Hoff and The Truth of Tao by Alex Anatole. In the first part, it will concentrate on the interpretation of Daoist concept of simplicity (pu 朴) in B.Hoff's book, pointing out to the problem of its simplification and elucidating the cluster of the meanings (or aspects) of pu in this book and in comparison with its understanding in Classical Daoism. In the second part, it will discuss the main points of interpretation of Daoism as a "reflective mirror" for illuminating the problems of Western (in this case, American) contemporary consumer culture, presented in Alex Anatole's book, with the particular attention on his ideal of "contentment" and "ideal day". It is claimed, that such popular versions of Daoism, although seemingly contradictory and superficial, and because of this rather mostly ignored by sinologists and investigators of Daoist practices, deserve more careful study by professional scholars, since they are the manifestations of the process of globalization of Daoism, which is inevitable in 21 st century. Moreover, they are especially influential in forming a popular image of Daoist teaching, since the messages of such books spread to a far wider public, than the monographs by academic specialists in Chinese (Daoist) studies.
Vilnius UniversityThis article deals with the treatment of human talent (cai 才) in pre-imperial and early imperial China and concentrates on its relationship with other Chinese philosophical and anthropological concepts and the general cultural context. On the one hand, it analyses the moral meaning of talent, discussing its relationship with the concept of xian 贤 ( the worthy) in Classical Confucianism, and on the other hand it analyses its relationship with the concept of de 德 (virtue) as it was treated from Classical Confucianism and Legalism to the Six Dynasties. The latter analysis is based mainly on books by Xu Gan Zhong lun 中论 (Balanced Discources) and Liu Shao Renwuzhi 人物志 (The Study of Human Abilities), paying special attention to the infiltration of the Legalist understanding of cai into those books. The second problem discussed here is the relationship of cai and human nature (xing). The author argues that the discussions concerning human resources or talent in pre-imperial and early imperial China were inseparable from the anthropological and philosophical thinking on human nature and from the resolution of political problems. The understanding of human resources in China had from the very beginning a strong motivation for applicability in the political sphere, and this was a contribution not only of Confucian thinkers, but also by the schools of Legalists, Logicians (or School of Names), and Dialecticians (or School of Yin-yang). This could be the reason why the Chinese avoided the mystification, essentialisation and romanticisation of human talent, as happened in Western culture (especially with the titanism of the Renaissance and beyond).
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