In society, tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco products, such as snus and nicotine pouches, are becoming more attractive. There is still a lack of information regarding the effects of these products on the oral mucosa and oral saliva biomarkers. The aim of this study is to evaluate oral mucosa and the presence of inflammatory biomarkers IL-6, IL-1, IL-8, TNF alpha and LRG-1 in saliva. Respondents were divided in four groups based on their tobacco product usage. Oral examination was carried out, saliva samples were taken, and the detection of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1, TNF alpha and LRG-1 levels in saliva was carried out. Out of the tobacco users, 30.8% were snus users, 48.7% were cigarette users and 20.5% were e-cigarette users. The control group was composed of respondents who did not use any tobacco products. E-cigarettes were used more by women, but snus was used more by men. Mucosal changes were seen in the group of snus users, and mucosal changes were only seen in men who had used 5–10 tobacco units per day for 5–10 years. Increased IL-6 levels in saliva were detected in respondents who also experienced mucosal changes. Mucosal changes were white, leathery and localized at the site where snus sachets were placed. Saliva, as an easily available biofluid, could be used as a first tool to detect potentially precancerous signs, but the LRG1 marker cannot be used as a prognostic marker.
Regarding oral biofilm aspects, there has been strong evidence for a microbiotic component in the aetiology of halitosis. Many oral microbiota have protheolytic and putative activity, but there have been no studies investigating the association of microbiota in oral biofilms with halitosis. The objective of this study was to determine species of oral microbiota in the periodontal area and dorsal part of tongue biofilm, and how their quantitative amounts differ in halitosis patients. The clinical bacterial material from halitosis patients (altogether 98 persons, volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) on average 380 ppb) was taken from periodontal pockets and the dorsal part of the tongue for microbiological diagnostics of anaerobic bacteria, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for the comparison of bacterial quantity. The study showed the primary aetiology factors of halitosis in Latvia, and offers possible versions of microbiological diagnostics of halitosis. Even though the examination of halitosis patients and determination of VSC using a halimeter is technically simpler and cheaper, the determination of aetiological factors and their combinations using microbiological examination of clinical material with PCR tests are more precise. A characteristic ecological niche of anaerobic bacteria is not only the anaerobic environment of periodontal pockets, but also the microbiota of the dorsal part of the tongue. Additionally, some anaerobic bacteria species (Porohyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia) in larger amounts are found on the microbiome of the tongue. Therefore, it is advisable to begin microbiological diagnostics in halitosis patients with quantitative diagnostics of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola on the biofilm of the tongue coating.
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