In early 2020, Italy struggled with an unprecedented health emergency related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical care of chronic neurological diseases, such as epilepsy, is being sorely neglected. In this national survey, we aimed at understanding the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the care of people with epilepsy (PwE) and identifying PwE risk factors for seizure worsening to direct telemedicine efforts. Methods: We administered a 48-items online survey (published on April 11, 2020) including socio-demographic, epilepsy-related, and psychometric variables (BDI-II for depression, GAD-7 for anxiety, and PSQI for sleep) to PwE and people without epilepsy (PwoE). Regression analysis identified predictors of seizure worsening. Results: We collected responses from 456 PwE (344 females) and 472 PwoE (347 females). Outpatient examinations of PwE were postponed in 95% of cases. One-third of PwE complained of issues with epilepsy management, but only 71% of them reached the treating physician and solved their problems. PwE had worse depressive and anxiety symptoms (higher BDI-II and GAD-7 scores; p < 0.001) than PwoE. Sleep quality was equally compromised in both groups (47 and 42%). Sixty-seven PwE (18%) reported seizure worsening, which was best explained by the number of anti-seizure medications (ASM) of chronic therapy and the severity of sleep disorder. Conclusions: During the current COVID-19 pandemic, a significant percentage of PwE experienced difficulties in follow-up and a seizure number increase, in particular those chronically taking more ASMs and with poor sleep quality. This dramatic experience outlines the urgent need for validation and implementation of telemedicine services for epileptic patients in order to provide regular follow-up.

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NCT02824146.

The aim of this review is to summarize that most relevant technologies used to evaluate gait features and the associated algorithms that have shown promise to aid diagnosis and symptom monitoring in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. We searched PubMed for studies published between 1 January 2005, and 30 August 2019 on gait analysis in PD. We selected studies that have either used technologies to distinguish PD patients from healthy subjects or stratified PD patients according to motor status or disease stages. Only those studies that reported at least 80% sensitivity and specificity were included. Gait analysis algorithms used for diagnosis showed a balanced accuracy range of 83.5–100%, sensitivity of 83.3–100% and specificity of 82–100%. For motor status discrimination the gait analysis algorithms showed a balanced accuracy range of 90.8–100%, sensitivity of 92.5–100% and specificity of 88–100%. Despite a large number of studies on the topic of objective gait analysis in PD, only a limited number of studies reported algorithms that were accurate enough deemed to be useful for diagnosis and symptoms monitoring. In addition, none of the reported algorithms and technologies has been validated in large scale, independent studies.

Objective During the Covid-19 pandemic, government restrictions limited health care to urgent needs. Neurophysiology centers had to suddenly reschedule their activities, with a lack of specific recommendations about electroencephalography (EEG) execution. During the pandemic phase 1, we launched an online survey to understand the flaws and strengths of the EEG management in Italy at the time of Covid-19 pandemic. Methods A 45-item online survey (published from April 16 to 30, 2020), endorsed by the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (SINC), the Italian League Against epilepsy (LICE), and the Italian Association of Neurophysiology technologists (AITN), collected EEG management data (EEG's number and type, indications, personnel and patients safety, devices' sanification) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Results We received responses from 206 centers. The number of EEGs performed was reduced by 76 ± 20%, and several types of specific EEG (video-EEG, ambulatory-EEG, LTM, polysomnography) were reduced at a minimum. Half of the centers performed inpatient EEGs only for urgencies. Repetitive seizures, encephalitis, and non-convulsive status epilepticus were the most common indications. Covid-19-positive patients received less EEG than negative ones (p < 0.0001). EEG requests came mainly not only from neurologists (n = 176) but also from general practitioners (n = 40), emergentists (n = 79), intensivists (n = 72), and other specialists (n = 53). Those centers which continued performing outpatient EEG examinations were instructed to perform the EEG after a Covid-19-related symptom screening for patients and using personal protective equipment (PPE) through all the procedure. Inpatient EEGs were performed using FFP2/FFP3 masks by neurophysiology technologists in only 50% of cases. Patients executed hyperventilation only for real clinical needs, but often (56%) with a mask. Conclusions Italian neurophysiology centers strongly adhered to government restrictions of lockdown. Some issues emerged, ranging from the evaluation of a proper indication for EEG, technical procedures of EEG recording, and protection of neurophysiology technicians.

A series of amidine, thiourea, and guanidine derivatives of 2-amino-6-(trifluoromethoxy)benzothiazole termed 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and structurally related to riluzole, a neuroprotective drug in many animal models of brain disease, have been synthesized. The biological activity of compounds 2a-e, 3a-f, and 4a,b was preliminarily tested by means of an in vitro protocol of ischemia/reperfusion injury. The results demonstrated that 2c and 3a-d significantly attenuated neuronal injury. Selected for testing of their antioxidant properties, compounds 3a-d were shown to be endowed with a direct ROS scavenging activity. Compounds 3b and 3d were also evaluated for their activity on voltage-dependent Na(+) and Ca(2+) currents in neurons from rat piriform cortex. At 50 microM, compound 3b inhibited the transient Na(+) current to a much smaller extent than riluzole, whereas 3d was almost completely ineffective.

This is one of the six reports submitted to Snowmass by the International Muon Collider Collaboration. The Indico subscription page: https://indico.cern.ch/event/1130036/ contains the link to the reports and gives the possibility to subscribe to the papers.The policy for signatures is that, for each individual report, you can subscribe as "Author" or as "Signatory", defined as follows:-"Author" indicates that you did contribute to the results documented in the report in any form, including e.g. by participating to the discussions of the community meeting, sending comments on the drafts, etc, or that you plan to contribute to the future work. The "Authors" will appear as such in on arXiv. -"Signatory" means that you express support to the Collaboration effort and endorse the Collaboration plans. The "Signatories" list will be reported in the text only.

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