Questo saggio viene ripubblicato a distanza di dieci anni perché da un lato la situazione geopolitica attuale è radicalmente cambiata rispetto ad allora. Il Caucaso, oggi ancor più di dieci anni fa, rappresenta uno snodo politico e sociale decisivo fra l'Occidente e l'Asia oltreché il legame storico fra la cristianità e l'islam. Dall'altro lato si registra, negli ultimi due decenni, e nell'ultimo in particolare, una crescente attenzione da parte degli studiosi alla storia dei Mongoli. Le ricerche e le pubblicazioni si sono moltiplicate in Europa, negli Stati Uniti, in Russia e in tutti quei paesi che ebbero a che fare direttamente o indirettamente con l'impero creato da Gengis Khan. Molti lavori, pubblicati negli anni passati, erano rimasti relegati alla dimensione locale poiché scritti in lingue difficilmente accessibili, dall'ungherese al persiano, dal russo al cinese. Tuttavia, dall'inizio degli anni Dieci di questo secolo, si sta assistendo a un poderoso lavoro di traduzione in lingua inglese delle fonti e a un'intensa attività di ricerca i cui risultati sono sempre più spesso pubblicati in inglese e quindi accessibili alla comunità scientifica internazionale.
The commercial expansion of Venice intersected with the rapid formation of the Mongol Empire, which, starting from the 1240s, extended from China to the gates of Europe. The constitution of a homogeneous and vast political entity integrated regional economies and facilitated communications. In Tana, the easternmost Venetian settlement at the mouth of the Don River, the Western urban mercantile class met the locals in a remote geographical area. This paper analyzes the relationships between Venetians and Westerners in general on the one side, and the local population on the other in the 14th century.
Objective: This paper’s aim is to reconstruct the Western population of Venetian Tana in the fourteenth century, the residents’ perception of their condition as “migrants”, and finally this population’s interactions with the other communities who lived there. Research materials: The sources used are primarily the notarial deeds of the Venice State Archive together with the vast and excellent scholarship produced in recent decades. Research results and novelty: For over two centuries the settlement of Tana, situated in the territory of the Golden Horde, represented the easternmost outpost of the Latin emporia in the Levant. Here, the utilitarian concept of the Western urban mercantile class found itself confronted with a new experience. This group was a minority living in close contact with larger, cohesive communities whose cultural background was extremely diverse. Those who emigrated east were mainly the emerging urban bourgeoisie, but also families of ancient noble origin who had nothing in common with the world of the Steppe and its traditional roots. These citizens came to the Levant, bringing with them the urban associative model. The life of the settlement at the mouth of the river Don is an ideal basis for observing the flow of people who left Venice and its surroundings on galleys and, after months of travel, arrived on the shores of the Sea of Azov.
The Mongol conquests and the following dominations have long been the subject of historical reevaluation by the scientific community. The spread and progressive specialization of Mongolian studies of the latest decades have also affected the westernmost of the four khanates resulted from the division of the Empire: the ulus Jochi, better known as Golden Horde. Russia’s territorial vastity, its proximity to Western Europe, and its multicultural characters have all attracted the historians’ attention to the Mongol era. By retracing the crucial historiographical passages, from nineteenth-century studies to the present day, this article aims to provide a broad and updated perspective of how the scientific debate has developed internationally and its relationship with the macro-levels of the Russian society today: from politics to public opinion.
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