There is high demand for the clownfish of the genus Amphiprion in the marine aquarium market (Bruckner, 2005;Militz, & Foale, 2017); therefore, various investigations have been conducted to study their biology and to develop culture protocols for their production under controlled conditions (Dhaneesh et al., 2012;Putra et al., 2012;Seyedi et al., 2013). However, like other ornamental species, the body pigmentation of the clownfish decreases during captivity (Yasir & Qin, 2010); therefore, it is necessary to determine what factors influence the loss of the intensity of the body pigmentation. In general, it is known that the body coloration of the fish in their natural environment can vary depending on the environment (camouflage), feed, sex, health status, age and social range
During a 100-day period, the effect of two background colours (white and black) of fish tanks and two light spectrum (red and white) on the growth and pigment expression of juvenile peppermint shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni was evaluated. A completely randomized experimental design was implemented with four treatment groups and a control group (natural illumination). At the end of the study, the survival, weight gain and total carotenoid content in the abdomen and cephalothorax (spectrophotometry) were evaluated, in addition to the expression of the body colour through the analysis of digital images (colour composition RGB). The survival, weight gain (%) and total carotenoid content in the abdomen of the shrimp were similar between treatment groups (p > 0.05); however, the pigment content in the cephalothorax of the shrimp of the black background/red light treatment and the control group were significantly greater (p < 0.05) compared to the carotenoid content of shrimp of the white background/white light treatment. Independently of the total carotenoid content and of the light spectra, the shrimp of the treatments that included black background colour expressed a greater body pigmentation in comparison with those preserved in tanks with white background. These data indicate that the shrimp have a constant concentration of body pigments which they express to a greater or lesser degree depending on the environmental conditions in which they live. This effect of environmental conditions on body pigmentation should be considered during the controlled maintenance and cultivation of the peppermint shrimp. K E Y W O R D Sbody pigmentation, colour composition RGB, environmental conditions, Lysmata wurdemanni, ornamental shrimp
The effect of the incorporation of three different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) of either astaxanthin (A) or β-carotene (B) was evaluated during the feeding of peppermint shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni post-larvae with six isonitrogenous (34%) and isolipidic (8%) diets. Six treatments: A(0.5), A(1), A(1.5), B(0.5), B(1) and B(1.5), and a control group were evaluate with three replicates and five post-larvae (initial weight 0.03 ± 0.007 g) per replicate. After 105 days of culture, the survival, weight gain, number of molts and gravid female, protein, energy content of fertile eggs and the carotenoid content in cephalothorax and abdomen of the shrimp per treatment group were recorded. The survival of the shrimp was similar in both astaxanthin and β-carotene treatment groups; however, in both treatment groups was significantly higher than the control group, while growth was similar in all treatments. The greatest quantity of molts and ovigerous female were observed in the A(1) and A(1.5) groups; besides, the eggs of the females in A(1) that had the highest protein and energy content. A negative correlation (R 2 =-0.93) was recorded between increasing dietary astaxanthin and body accumulation; in contrast, an increase in dietary β-carotene was positively correlated (R 2 = 0.80) with body accumulation. The results indicate that both sources of carotenoids promote survival and growth and improve egg quality and pigmentation.
The effect of dietary protein and lipid level on growth and reproductive efficiency of the pepermint shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni was evaluated over a 90‐day period. The percentage of protein and lipid (%P/L) in the experimental diets varied as follows: 34/7, 34/8, 34/9, 37/7, 37/8, 37/9, 40/7, 40/8 and 40/9, and a commercial diet was used as control (35/7‐Silver Cup®). Fifteen shrimps per treatment and three replicates were used. The number of moults, survival, and growth, number of ovigerous females as well as protein and carbon content of fertilized eggs were evaluated. The shrimps fed experimental diets 37/7 and 40/9 exhibited a survival of 100%, whilst the survival of shrimp fed diet 40/7 was 73%, without significant differences being observed among the treatment groups. The weight gained (g) by shrimps fed diets 37/9 and 40/8 was significantly greater than the control group. The greatest percentage of ovigerous females was observed in those fed 34/7 and 37/9 diets, and the lowest in the control group. The greatest content of protein/carbon in the eggs was found in females fed the 40/8 diet. The results indicated that a P/L relationship of 34/7% promote efficient growth; however, during the reproductive phase it is necessary to increase the P/L to 40/8% to improve the quality and viability of the eggs.
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