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Howling was elicited in three wolf packs, monitored on the Italian Apennines, between 1996 and 2000. To test their attitude to reply to extraneous individuals, wolves were stimulated by playback of tape-recorded howls emitted from prominent sites.Responses were recorded and processed by sonographic analysis, discriminating between choral and single replies, and evaluating the presence/absence of cubs. The overall reply rate was 12.6%. Responsiveness was high during late summer-early fall, a period coinciding with abandonment of the den and translocation of the litter to rendezvous sites. At this time, chorus howling represented the majority of total replies, and the quickness of responses suggests a higher bent to vocalize. Throughout the year, late evening and dawn were the parts of the day at which wolves showed the maximum tendency to respond.

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The spacing behaviour of ten roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) females was studied from March 1997 until February 1998 in the Casentinesi Forest National Park, Italy. The study area is mountainous with a high percentage of forest cover (95%). Mean temperature was 8° C and snowfall occurred in autumn and winter. Data were collected with radio-tracking techniques and annual, bimonthly and monthly home ranges were analysed. The results indicated two different spacing behaviours: stationary and roaming. Roaming females had larger home ranges than stationary ones. Only during the birth period, in May-June, were home ranges similar for both groups of females, while the winter period showed great differences. Habitat quality and social factors seemed to influence the ranging behaviour of females in this mountainous habitat in the course of the year.KEY WORDS: Capreolus capreolus -Use of space strategiesHome range -Radio-tracking -Forest habitat. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS