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2Listeria monocytogenes detection in wastewater can be difficult because of the 3 large amount of background microbiota and the presence of viable but nonculturable 4 forms in this environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate a Fluorescent In Situ 5Hybridization (FISH) assay combined with Direct Viable Count (DVC) method for 6 detecting viable Listeria monocytogenes in wastewater samples, as an alternative to 7 conventional culture methods. 16S rRNA sequence data were used to design a specific 8 oligonucleotide probe. In order to assess the suitability of the method, the assays were 9 performed on naturally (n= 87) and artificially (n=14)

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