This research focuses on identifying and analyzing the main factors that generate social costs in the context of globalization. In emerging economies, the social and economic factors underlying a significant and the growing income inequality tend to be different from work factors in many OECD countries. The importance of the informal economy, combined with the persistence of significant geographic disparities in economic performance, is a significant factor in the inequality of revenues in all emerging economies. In turn, the informal economy and geographic disparities are closely linked to other aspects of inequality such as gender, ethnic differences, disparities in educational achievement, and working conditions. This paper develops these factors and synthesizes their effect in order to serve as a starting point for a further econometric research to measure the impact in emerging economies.
In Romania, as in most European countries, there is a tendency of demographic aging. This trend is based on two essential causes: a constant increase in life expectancy at birth and a decrease in birth rates. The demographic aging phenomenon has both direct and indirect consequences on the short-, medium-and long-term economic and social life of economic growth. The process of replacing generations in active working groups with those under the age of 24 will be affected as a result of demographic imbalances. Increasing the share of the elderly population will directly lead to increased economic pressure on people in active age groups. The question is, "Can the reduction in the share of the active population in the total population be offset by a corresponding increase in productivity?" If such compensation is not feasible, the likelihood of imbalances in the long run is relatively high. These imbalances are not only of an economic nature but can affect well-being in all its aspects.
The surrounding reality can be analyzed due to the interaction of complex nonlinear dynamic systems. The article's main objective is to develop and analyze the models that best describe the efficient behavior of the Romanian capital market that generated the analyzed time series. The empirical analysis carried out in this paper does not aim to classify the Romanian market capital as efficient or ineffective but rather to identify the degree of deviation from efficiency relative to other markets, namely, an analysis of the dynamics of the degree of deviation over time. To describe the distribution of returns, we focused on the family of generalized hyperbolic distributions, which have statistical properties similar to financial returns. The presence of wide tails in the distributions (of extreme values) suggests using statistical tests and measures to detect dependencies, which take this behavior into account. Statistical methods and efficiency indicators are used, such as the Hurst exponent, Taken's theorem, and the fractal dimension, which facilitate the detection of the main types of dependencies that could be present in the return series; measures that are robust to the heteroscedastic behavior of the returns. These statistical measures are applied to the entire period and sliding windows.
The change of the current economic environment due to the globalization of the economy and the unhindered circulation of products and services, the removal of national customs barriers, the evolution of information technology and the diversification of marketing techniques have led to a change in the financial and accounting services market. In the context in which the promotion of accounting services is a very complex activity, which involves a large number of decisions that have to be taken in accordance with the ethical and deontological norms imposed by the code of ethics in order not to affect the reputation of the accounting profession, study on how professional accountants promote their services and the extent to which the rules of professional ethics and deontology imposed by the National Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants in Romania are respected. In this respect, we conducted a survey based on a questionnaire, applied to the professional accountants CECCAR members Dâmboviţa branch. The questions were formulated in such a way that the reality regarding the promotion of accounting services in relation to the rules of ethics and deontology of the profession is meaningful through the significance of the answers received.
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