In this paper, we describe the localized and selective electrical stimulation of single cells using a three-dimensional electrode array. The chip consisted of 84 nail-like electrodes with a stimulation surface of 0.8 microm(2) and interelectrode distances as small as 3 microm. N2A cells were used to compare bipolar stimulation between one electrode in- and one outside the cell on the one hand, and two electrodes in the same cell on the other hand. Selective and localized stimulation of primary embryonic cardiomyocytes showed the possibility to use this chip with excitable cells. The response of the cells to applied electrical fields was monitored using calcium imaging whereas assessment of electroporation was determined following influx of propidium iodide. Arrays of these three-dimensional electrodes could eventually be used as a tool to selectively electroporate the membrane of single cells for genetic manipulation or to obtain electrical access to the inner compartment of the cell.
Problem statement: Ergonomics so far has had little impact in Malaysia. For most Malaysian managers, ergonomics is not considered to be associated with performance, but rather with occupational health and safety and legislation. Approach: This study reviews the development of ergonomics in Malaysia and the underlying issues related to national development. Results: Many changes need to be made within the ergonomics research, education and practice community by integrating concepts from the social sciences with technological advances into Malaysian culture to enhance productivity and sustainable improvements in the quality of life, while achieving essential health and safety goals. Conclusion/Recommendation: Ergonomics helps to improve performance besides enhancing workplace OSH. It is essential to promote ergonomics concepts and practice to various industries in Malaysia. More effort and skills are required to compensate for the lack of infrastructure in providing a framework within which ergonomics recommendations can be disseminated and realized.
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