The popliteal artery is a relatively short vascular segment but is affected by a unique set of pathologic conditions. These conditions, which may be common throughout the arterial system or exclusive to the popliteal artery, include atherosclerosis, popliteal artery aneurysm, arterial embolus, trauma, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, and cystic adventitial disease. The clinical manifestations, imaging appearances, and treatment options associated with these pathologic conditions differ significantly. Consequently, the radiologist should be familiar with these conditions to direct imaging for accurate diagnosis and treatment and to prevent loss of limb.

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The aim of this study was to assess the change in patient radiation dose in the radiological investigation of pulmonary embolism since the introduction of helical CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in a large teaching hospital. All radiological investigations performed as an integral part of the imaging protocol in the investigation of clinically suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) were retrospectively reviewed. The protocol for the investigation of PE changed in our institution after the introduction of CTPA. Protocols 1 and 2 were the protocols in place before and after the introduction of CTPA, respectively. An in-depth evaluation was made of the imaging records and radiation dose for 30 consecutive patients investigated for clinically suspected PE in 1995 (protocol 1) and 2002 (protocol 2). Radiation doses were then extrapolated for the total number of patients investigated in each year. The number of radiological investigations performed per patient decreased from a mean of 1.17 in protocol 1 to 1.06 in protocol 2. There was a 44% increase in the total number of patients investigated. The effective dose per patient increased from 1.30 mSv to 1.35 mSv with the introduction of CTPA into the imaging protocol, an increase of only 4%. First line investigations showed a significant decrease in indeterminate examinations from 25.7% to 8.5%. Two different imaging protocols are reviewed with respect to type and number of procedures required for the investigation of PE and the resulting patient effective dose incurred. Results demonstrate an increase in the number of patients being investigated for suspected PE and a small increase in effective dose per patient since the introduction of helical CTPA. Although CTPA in itself incurs a higher effective dose, this is offset by the significant decrease in the number of non-diagnostic and total number of investigations per patient. In addition the ventilation component of lung scintigraphy was not required in protocol 2, thus reducing the dose further. We believe this small increase in effective dose is justified by the decrease in non-diagnostic studies and the reduction in total number of investigations per patient. We hope this paper will serve as a stimulus for the radiology community to examine current protocols in all areas of diagnostic imaging. We stress the importance of assessing new and established imaging investigative protocols to maximize the benefit and reduce any risk to patients.

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