<p>Measurements of the four most abundant stable isotopocules of N<sub>2</sub>O (<sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>16</sup>O, <sup>15</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>16</sup>O, <sup>14</sup>N<sup>15</sup>N<sup>16</sup>O, and <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>18</sup>O) can provide a valuable constraint on source attribution of atmospheric N<sub>2</sub>O. N<sub>2</sub>O isotopocules at natural abundance levels can be analyzed by isotope-ratio mass-spectrometry (IRMS) [1] and more recently optical isotope ratio spectroscopy (OIRS) [2]. OIRS instruments can analyze the N<sub>2</sub>O isotopic composition in gaseous mixtures in a continuous-flow mode, providing real-time data with minimal or no sample pretreatment, which is highly attractive to better resolve the temporal complexity of N<sub>2</sub>O production and consumption processes. Most importantly, OIRS laser spectroscopy is selective for position-specific <sup>15</sup>N substitution due to the existence of characteristic rotational-vibrational spectra.</p><p>By allowing both in-situ application and measurements in high temporal resolution, laser spectroscopy has established a new quality of data for research on N<sub>2</sub>O in particular and N cycling in general. However, applications remain challenging and are still scarce as a metrological characterization of OIRS analyzers, reporting factors limiting their performance is still missing. In addition, only since recently two pure N<sub>2</sub>O isotopocule reference materials have been made available through the United States Geological Survey (USGS), which however, only offer a small range of &#948;<sup>15</sup>N and &#948;<sup>18</sup>O values (< 1 &#8240;) and are therefore not suited for a two-point calibration approach [3].</p><p>This presentation will highlight the recent progress achieved within the framework of the EMPIR project &#8220;Metrology for Stable Isotope Reference Standards (SIRS)&#8221;, namely:</p><ul><li>(1) The development of pure and diluted N<sub>2</sub>O reference materials (RMs), covering the range of isotope values required by the scientific community. These gaseous standards are available as pure N<sub>2</sub>O or N<sub>2</sub>O diluted in whole air. N<sub>2</sub>O RMs were analyzed by an international group of laboratories for &#948;<sup>15</sup>N, &#948;<sup>18</sup>O (MPI-BGC, Tokyo Institute of Technology, UEA), &#948;<sup>15</sup>N<sup>&#945;</sup>, &#948;<sup>15</sup>N<sup>&#223;</sup> (Empa, Tokyo Institute of Technology) and &#948;<sup>17</sup>O (UEA) traceable to the existing isotope ratio scales.</li> <li>(2) The metrological characterization of the three most common commercial N<sub>2</sub>O isotope OIRS analyzers (with/without precon QCLAS, OA-ICOS and CRDS) for gas matrix effects, spectral interferences of enhanced trace gas concentrations (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, H<sub>2</sub>O), short-term and long-term repeatability, drift and dependence of isotope deltas on N<sub>2</sub>O concentrations [4].</li> </ul><p>In summary, the authors suggest to include appropriate RMs following the identical treatment (IT) principle during every OIRS measurement to retrieve compatible and accurate results. Remaining differences between sample and reference gas composition have to be corrected, by applying analyzer-specific correction algorithms.</p><p>&#160;</p><p>[1] Toyoda, S. and N. Yoshida (1999). "Determination of nitrogen isotopomers of nitrous oxide on a modified isotope ratio mass spectrometer." Anal. Chem. 71(20): 4711-4718.</p><p>[2] Brewer, P. J. et al. (2019). "Advances in reference materials and measurement techniques for greenhouse gas atmospheric observations." Metrologia 56(3).</p><p>[3] Ostrom, N. E. et al. (2018). "Preliminary assessment of stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of USGS51 and USGS52 nitrous oxide reference gases and perspectives on calibration needs." Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 32(15): 1207-1214.</p><p>[4] Harris, S. J., J. Liisberg et al. (2019). "N<sub>2</sub>O isotopocule measurements using laser spectroscopy: analyzer characterization and intercomparison." Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. (in review).</p><p>&#160;</p>
In order to improve the management efficiency of the safety status of Industry 4.0 engineering products, the multigranularity access control model (MGACM) Industry 4.0 engineering product life cycle management (PLM) is adopted to optimize the safety management mode of Industry 4.0 engineering products in this paper. The multigranularity access control model is constructed in this paper, which has strong nonlinearity and better fault tolerance. In addition, the parameters of PLM are optimized through the multiparticle access control model, and PLM search is enabled. Taking into account the slow and easy convergence of the multigranular access control model, a niche technology with full life cycle heterogeneity and elimination mechanism is proposed to solve the premature convergence problem of the multigranular access control model. The final simulation results of this paper show that, compared with traditional algorithms, the proposed multigranularity access control model is more reliable and effective and has faster convergence speed and higher management efficiency.
To achieve more real-time and efficient management of renewable resources and ensure the economic efficiency and environmental friendliness of the process, the renewable resources management mode based on intelligent processing and life cycle analysis was discussed. With the advantages of intelligent processing technology in perception, data collection, information network transmission and intelligent processing, the theory and method of life cycle analysis on environmental impact assessment were applied to the field of renewable resources management, so as to realize efficient and intelligent management of renewable resources. Meanwhile, the environmental effects of various renewable resources should be taken into account, and their respective advantages should be given full play to provide better services for the management of renewable resources.Finally, the combined application of the two was explored by taking the data as the integrating point.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method for quantifying the effects of different actions to make evaluations and decisions easier. There are various product waste management solutions, but determining which one is best in terms of environmental effects can be difficult. In this regard, recycling is frequently regarded as environmentally beneficial, as it involves the gathering and processing of waste into new products. Inspired by the necessity of recycling, this study proposes a waste recycling system based on product life cycle evaluation to increase the use rate of waste products. The suggested system built the product life cycle workflow using Electronic Product Cycle (EPC) to make the product’s complete life cycle scalable and unified. In addition, the proposed system uses a big data normalization approach to preprocess product life cycle data and extract the total weight of product life cycle assessment indicators. Furthermore, the suggested method seeks to demonstrate the usefulness of LCA as a waste recycling tool during the construction of a waste management framework and to identify a gap in research by designing a better framework. The simulation results show that compared with the designed PLA-based waste recycling system, the system has higher reliability, lower LCA complexity, less impact on throughput, and lower cost, meeting the economics of waste disposal requirements.
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