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Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the optic nerve head and retinal ganglion cells and corresponding visual field defects. In recent years, mounting evidence has shown that glaucoma-related damage may not be limited to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells or the optic nerve head. The entire structure of the visual pathway may be degraded, and the degradation may even extend to some non-visual brain regions. We know that advanced morphological, functional, and metabolic magnetic resonance technologies provide a means to observe quantitatively and in real time the state of brain function. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide additional diagnostic markers for glaucoma, which are related to known potential histopathological changes. Many researchers in China and globally have conducted clinical and imaging studies on glaucoma. However, they are scattered, and we still need to systematically sort out the advanced MRI related to glaucoma. We reviewed literature published in any language and included all studies that were able to be translated into English from 1 January 1980 to 31 July 2021. Our literature search focused on emerging magnetic resonance neuroimaging techniques for the study of glaucoma. We then identified each functional area of the brain of glaucoma patients through the integration of anatomy, image, and function. The aim was to provide more information about the occurrence and development of glaucoma diseases. From the perspective of neuroimaging, our study provides a research basis to explain the possible mechanism of the occurrence and development of glaucoma. This knowledge gained from these techniques enables us to more clearly observe the damage glaucoma causes to the whole visual pathway. Our study provides new insights into glaucoma-induced changes to the brain. Our findings may enable the progress of these changes to be analyzed and inspire new neuroprotective therapeutic strategies for patients with glaucoma in the future.

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