Highlights d Specific compounds against P. falciparum Plasmepsin IX and X were identified d PMIX and PMX are modulators of parasite proteins for egress, invasion, and development d Anti-PMIX and anti-PMX compounds inhibit liver, blood, and mosquito stages of Plasmodium d One compound, WM382, can clear mouse models of P. berghei and P. falciparum parasites

A multi‐scale soil moisture and temperature monitoring network, consisting of 55 soil moisture and temperature measurement stations, has been established in central Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study, the station‐averaged surface soil moisture data from the network are used to evaluate four soil moisture products retrieved from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐Earth Observing System (AMSR‐E) and four land surface modeling products from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). Major findings are (1) none of the four AMSR‐E products provides reliable estimates in the unfrozen season, in terms of the mission requirement of the root mean square error (RMSE) < 0.06 m3m−3. These algorithms either evidently overestimate soil moisture or obviously underestimate it, although some of them showed the soil moisture dynamic range, indicating that the retrieval algorithms have much space to be improved for the cold semi‐arid regions. (2) The four GLDAS models tend to systematically underestimate the surface soil moisture (0–5 cm) while well simulate the soil moisture for 20–40 cm layer. In comparison with the satellite surface soil moisture products, three among the four models give low RMSE and BIAS values, but still falling out of the acceptable range. The causes for the modeling biases in this cold region were discussed.

SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES. As the highest plateau in the world, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) directly impacts its surrounding climate and environment through atmospheric and hydrological processes. Meanwhile, the TP climate changed significantly (such as rapid warming, moistening, solar dimming, and wind stilling) over the past 30 years , which further altered its environment (e.g., glacier retreat, lake expansion, and permafrost degradation, etc.) and brought environmental risks and disasters to the plateau's surrounding regions. The "third pole" was proposed as a geographic element to cover the TP and its adjacent mountains (Qiu 2008), and the "Third Pole Environment" (TPE) was then launched as an international program in 2009, with intension to pool international efforts to reveal and quantify the "water-ice-air-ecosystem-human" interactions in this region (Yao et al. 2012). Among the multisphere interactions on the TP, soil moisture (SM) plays a fundamental role in controlling land surface energy partition, adjusting surface runoff and soil drainage, regulating canopy transpiration and carbon AFFILIATIONS: yang, Qin, y. Chen, anD Tang-key laboratory of tibetan environment changes and land surface Processes, institute of tibetan Plateau research, chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing, china; Zhao, han, LaZhu, Ding, Wu, anD Lin-key laboratory of tibetan environment changes and land surface Processes, institute of tibetan Plateau research, chinese Academy of sciences, and university of chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing, china; Z. Chencollege of global change and earth system science, Beijing normal university, Beijing, china; Lv-state key laboratory of resources and environmental information system, institute of geographic sciences and natural resources research, chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing, china CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: kun Yang, institute of tibetan Plateau research, chinese Academy of sciences, Bldg. 3, courtyard 16, lincui rd., chaoyang district,

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Detailed bum wavelength-dependent hole-burning studies of the title complex have been performed. The zero-phonon hole (ZPH) widths for B800 at 4.2 K are 6.0 f 0.3 cm-' and are discussed in terms of B80GB850 and B80GB800 energy transfer. The B800* lifetime is 1.8 2 0.2 ps. The site inhomogeneous broadening (r,) of B800 is 240 cm-I. The B850 (located at 864 nm at 4.2 K) hole spectra reveal that B850 suffers from significant homogeneous broadening, which is attributed to unit cell exciton level structure and ultrafast interexciton level relaxation. Novel ZPH action spectra lead to the resolution of a minor component at 885 nm, which is the analogue of B870 of Rhodobacter sphaeroides previously assigned as the lowest exciton level of the B850 exciton band. The B870 ZPH width of 2.0 f 0.2 cm-I for Rhodopseudomonas acidophila leads to a total dephasing time of 5.3 ps, which is attributed to exciton scattering that stems from the energetic inequivalence of neighboring B850 unit cells.

[1] The surface energy budget and ablation were measured in the ablation zone of Parlung No. 4 Glacier on the southeast Tibetan Plateau (29°14′N, 96°55′E) during boreal summer 2009. The present study examines the summertime surface energy fluxes to identify major atmospheric variables governing the surface melt and their phenomenological links to the progression of the South Asian monsoon. Turbulent sensible heat and latent heat fluxes were calculated using the bulk aerodynamic approach, the accuracy of which was verified through a comparison with eddy-covariance flux measurements. The surface ablation calculated by the energy balance model was also verified by measurements of ablation stakes. Our results found the following percentage contributions to the total melt energy: net shortwave radiation, 98%; net longwave radiation, −12%; sensible heat, 16%; latent heat, −1%; and subsurface fluxes, −1%. The combined roles of cloud cover and surface albedo appear to control the surface energy balance during the onset period of the South Asian monsoon. The cloud variations affect surface melting with the advancement of the monsoon. Intensification of the South Asian monsoon probably accelerates melting in the ablation zone, whereas weakening of the monsoon reduces glacier melting, mainly because of changes in downward longwave irradiance and heat release due to vapor condensation. Moreover, the temperature index model proves useful for long-term mass balance and ablation modeling in cases where the degree-day factors are calibrated. But incorporating incoming shortwave radiation into the model should be more applicable and practical in this region.Citation: Yang, W., X. Guo, T. Yao, K. Yang, L. Zhao, S. Li, and M. Zhu (2011), Summertime surface energy budget and ablation modeling in the ablation zone of a maritime Tibetan glacier,

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