Highlights d Specific compounds against P. falciparum Plasmepsin IX and X were identified d PMIX and PMX are modulators of parasite proteins for egress, invasion, and development d Anti-PMIX and anti-PMX compounds inhibit liver, blood, and mosquito stages of Plasmodium d One compound, WM382, can clear mouse models of P. berghei and P. falciparum parasites

A multi‐scale soil moisture and temperature monitoring network, consisting of 55 soil moisture and temperature measurement stations, has been established in central Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study, the station‐averaged surface soil moisture data from the network are used to evaluate four soil moisture products retrieved from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐Earth Observing System (AMSR‐E) and four land surface modeling products from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). Major findings are (1) none of the four AMSR‐E products provides reliable estimates in the unfrozen season, in terms of the mission requirement of the root mean square error (RMSE) < 0.06 m3m−3. These algorithms either evidently overestimate soil moisture or obviously underestimate it, although some of them showed the soil moisture dynamic range, indicating that the retrieval algorithms have much space to be improved for the cold semi‐arid regions. (2) The four GLDAS models tend to systematically underestimate the surface soil moisture (0–5 cm) while well simulate the soil moisture for 20–40 cm layer. In comparison with the satellite surface soil moisture products, three among the four models give low RMSE and BIAS values, but still falling out of the acceptable range. The causes for the modeling biases in this cold region were discussed.

SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES. As the highest plateau in the world, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) directly impacts its surrounding climate and environment through atmospheric and hydrological processes. Meanwhile, the TP climate changed significantly (such as rapid warming, moistening, solar dimming, and wind stilling) over the past 30 years , which further altered its environment (e.g., glacier retreat, lake expansion, and permafrost degradation, etc.) and brought environmental risks and disasters to the plateau's surrounding regions. The "third pole" was proposed as a geographic element to cover the TP and its adjacent mountains (Qiu 2008), and the "Third Pole Environment" (TPE) was then launched as an international program in 2009, with intension to pool international efforts to reveal and quantify the "water-ice-air-ecosystem-human" interactions in this region (Yao et al. 2012). Among the multisphere interactions on the TP, soil moisture (SM) plays a fundamental role in controlling land surface energy partition, adjusting surface runoff and soil drainage, regulating canopy transpiration and carbon AFFILIATIONS: yang, Qin, y. Chen, anD Tang-key laboratory of tibetan environment changes and land surface Processes, institute of tibetan Plateau research, chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing, china; Zhao, han, LaZhu, Ding, Wu, anD Lin-key laboratory of tibetan environment changes and land surface Processes, institute of tibetan Plateau research, chinese Academy of sciences, and university of chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing, china; Z. Chencollege of global change and earth system science, Beijing normal university, Beijing, china; Lv-state key laboratory of resources and environmental information system, institute of geographic sciences and natural resources research, chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing, china CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: kun Yang, institute of tibetan Plateau research, chinese Academy of sciences, Bldg. 3, courtyard 16, lincui rd., chaoyang district,