Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) fruits have been widely used as food and folk medicine in the Mediterranean basin and in central and west Asia. In this study, two biflavonoids, isoginkgetin, and ginkgetin, together with three other flavonoids, were isolated from caper fruits. Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature. To our knowledge, isoginkgetin, ginkgetin and sakuranetin were identified in caper for the first time. Notably, it is also the first time that biflavonoids have ever been found in the Capparidaceae. Concentrations of the two biflavonoids were measured in caper fruits collected from four major growing areas in northwest China. The anti-inflammatory effects of the flavonoids from caper fruits were evaluated by secreted placental alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter assay, which was designed to measure nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Isoginkgetin and ginkgetin showed inhibitory effects in initial screen at 20 μM, while the effect of ginkgetin was much greater than that of isoginkgetin. In a dose-response experiment, the IC(50) value of ginkgetin was estimated at 7.5 μM, suggesting it could be a strong NF-κB inhibitor and worthy of study in vivo.
Dendrons Gn-Cl and Gn-NH (n = 2-4) and novel dendrimers Gn-N approximately N-Gn (n = 2-4) based on triazine and piperazine units were efficiently prepared in good yields without employing the protection and deprotection processes and are fully characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, and mass spectroscopy. These compounds are transparent and possess good thermal stability. G4-Cl shows a monotropic columnar phase in a narrow range with a coexisting crystalline phase. Dendron G4-NH shows a rectangular column-phase, and dendrimer G4-N approximately N-G4 exhibits a monotropic hexagonal columnar phase. These identifications were supported by the polarizing optical scope and powder XRD studies.
A convenient new method is developed for the preparation of
1‘,1‘‘‘-disubstituted biferrocenes which can be oxidized with iodine to a new series of
mixed-valence compounds. The
X-ray structures of 1‘,1‘‘‘-dimethoxymethyl, 1‘,1‘‘‘-diethoxyl,
1‘,1‘‘‘-dimethyl, 1‘,1‘‘‘-dihydroxymethyl, 1‘,1‘‘‘-dibenzoyloxymethyl, 1‘,1‘‘‘-dimethylthio, and
1‘,1‘‘‘-diethylthio neutral
biferrocenes and the mixed-valence 1‘,1‘‘‘-diethoxyl, 1‘,1‘‘‘-dimethyl,
1‘,1‘‘‘-dibenzoyloxymethyl,
and 1‘,1‘‘‘-diphenylthio biferrocenium triiodide salts have been
determined at 298 K. The
rates of intramolecular electron transfer in these mixed-valence
cations were estimated by
variable-temperature 57Fe Mössbauer experiment.
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