The oscillation and instability of systems caused by time delays have been widely studied over the past several decades. In nature, the phenomenon of diffusion is universal. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the dynamic behavior of reaction-diffusion systems with time delays. In this study, a two-enterprise interaction model with diffusion and delay effects is considered. By analyzing the distribution of the roots of the corresponding characteristic equation, some conditions for the stability of the unique positive equilibrium and the existence of Hopf bifurcation at the steady state are investigated. As the sum of the time delays changes, there are a series of periodic solutions at the trivial steady-state solution of the system. In addition, the direction of Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the periodic solutions are discussed by using the normal form theory and the center manifold reduction of partial functional differential equations. Finally, numerical simulation experiments are conducted to illustrate the validity of the theoretical conclusions.
The plant-pollinator model is a common model widely researched by scholars in population dynamics. In fact, its complex dynamical behaviors are universally and simply expressed as a class of delay differential-difference equations. In this paper, based on several early plant-pollinator models, we consider a plant-pollinator model with two combined delays to further describe the mutual constraints between the two populations under different time delays and qualitatively analyze its stability and Hopf bifurcation. Specifically, by selecting different combinations of two delays as branch parameters and analyzing in detail the distribution of roots of the corresponding characteristic transcendental equation, we investigate the local stability of the positive equilibrium point of equations, derive the sufficient conditions of asymptotic stability, and demonstrate the Hopf bifurcation for the system. Under the condition that two delays are not equal, some explicit formulas for determining the direction of Hopf bifurcation and some conditions for the stability of periodic solutions of bifurcation are obtained for delay differential equations by using the theory of norm form and the theorem of center manifold. In the end, some examples are presented and corresponding computer numerical simulations are taken to demonstrate and support effectiveness of our theoretical predictions.
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