Although one-third of clients enrolled in methadone treatment in the United States are female, few studies have looked at gender differences at admission and follow-up. Using interview data from 435 clients (31% female) collected at admission and approximately 1 year after discharge, females were found to have more dysfunctional families of origin and greater prior and current psychological and medical problems. Both genders improved following treatment, as evidenced by reduced illicit drug, tobacco, and alcohol use, criminal involvement, and HIV/AIDS-risky behaviors. Females were more likely to seek further help for both drug misuse and psychological problems subsequent to discharge.
Major findings are summarized for a program of research focused on therapeutic enhancements to methadone treatment. Cognitive, behavioral, and psychoeducational strategies for improving client engagement and counseling services are described. Evaluations focused on during-treatment performance and follow-up outcomes collected 1 year after discharge, with an emphasis on the impact of services delivered as well as client and counselor perceptions of one another. Interrelations were examined between treatment process components: therapeutic relationship between clients and counselors, service intensity and type, behavioral compliance of clients during treatment, and length of stay. Results showed enhanced counseling and length of time spent in treatment were related to treatment outcomes.
In response to increasing problems associated with drugabusing offenders, the 1991 Texas Legislature provided a statutory foundation for the development of a comprehensive drug treatment program within the state's criminal justice system. In an effort to assess the impact of the prison-based treatment component of this legislative mandate, the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse funded the Institute of Behavioral Research at Texas Christian University to conduct a comprehensive prison-based treatment assessment (PTA) including studies of the In-prison Therapeutic Community (ITC) treatment process and posttreabnent outcomes. This article provides an overview of the research project and findings from the 6-month follow-up study. Preprison and during-treaiment information was collected from 293 ITC program pahcipants. Six-month follow-up interviews were completed with 222 ITC program graduates and compared with a comparison Downloaded by [Ecole Hautes Etudes Commer-Montreal] at 06:18 17 August 2015 76 JOURNAL OF OFFENDER REHABILITATION sample of 75 parolees who were eligible but not sent to ITC treatment.Results showed that 80% of the inmates referred to the ITC during this study graduated, and that program graduates demonstrated marked reductions in their criminal and drug use activity from the 6 months before entering prison to the 6 months after leaving prison. Finally, ITC graduatespahcularly those who completed the fmt phase of their aftercare progmmhd lower relapse and recidivism rates in the 6 months after prison than did the parolees in comparison sample. They also reported highly favorable opinions about both the program and the counselors. Implications of these fmdings are discussed, and longer term follow-up evaluations are in progress. [Article copies awilable for a /ee fmm The H m r i h Document Delivety Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail dm: g e t i~i r i h s o m ]
A 17-item simpatia scale was developedfor use with Hispanic substance abusers using confirmatoryfactoranalytic techniques in a sample of 144 daily opioid users. The overall scale had good internal consistency and demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity. The simpatia scale was constructed to examine social attributes reflecting agreeableness, respect of others, and politeness. The Agreeableness subscale addressed issues related to agreeing with others, similarity of opinions between self and others, and if clients openly disagreed with others. The Respect subscale addressed issues related to saying good things about others, trusting others, and treating others with respect. The Politeness subscale addressed issues related to avoiding conflict with others, doing favors, and treating others as equals. A cross-validation study demonstrated that simpatia was positively related to social support, social conformity, treatment service satisfaction, and client rating of counselor skills, whereas it was negatively related to hostility.
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