The cadaveric study showed that the technique of TTFR was safe and effective, and the future clinical study is necessary to verify the findings of this study.
Object. To determine if tetracycline, previously reported to increase the probability of developing symptomatic vaginal yeast infections, has a direct effect on Candida albicans growth or induction of virulent phenotypes. Method. In vitro, clinical isolates of yeast were cultivated with sublethal concentrations of tetracycline and yeast cell counts, hyphal formation, drug efflux pump activity, biofilm production, and hemolysin production were determined by previously reported methods.
Results. Tetracycline concentrations above 150 μg/mL inhibited Candida albicans, but at submicrogram/mL, a modest growth increase during the early hours of the growth curve was observed. Tetracycline did not inhibit hyphal formation at sublethal concentrations. Hypha formation appeared augmented by exposure to tetracycline in the presence of chemically defined medium and especially in the presence of human serum. Efflux pump CDR1 was upregulated and a nonsignificant trend toward increased biofilm formation was noted. Conclusion. Tetracycline appears to have a small growth enhancing effect and may influence virulence through augmentation of hypha formation, and a modest effect on drug efflux and biofilm formation, although tetracycline did not affect hemolysin. It is not clear if the magnitude of the effect is sufficient to attribute vaginitis following tetracycline treatment to direct action of tetracycline on yeast.
Objective: The aim of this report is to describe a new ultrasound guided technique for carpal tunnel injection and median nerve hydrodissection using distal to proximal approach. Methods: From 2015 to 2019, 827 consecutive injections by distal-to-proximal approach were included using coding information to check for post-procedural skin hypopigmentation, hematoma, seroma, nerve injury, or vascular injury. Results: There were no occurrences of post-procedural skin-hypopigmentation, hematoma or seroma formation, or neurovascular injury. Conclusions: The distal approach carpal tunnel injection is a safe and effective method. It may directly inject the medication into carpal tunnel to avoid skin hypopigmentation from steroid side effect with previous report method, also it may release adhesion of median nerve with surrounding soft tissue by hydrodissection. It helps median nerve compression at outlet of carpal tunnel.
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