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In a wide range of industries and academic fields, artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly prevalent. AI models are taking on more crucial decision-making tasks as they grow in popularity and performance. Although AI models, particularly machine learning models, are successful in research, they have numerous limitations and drawbacks in practice. Furthermore, due to the lack of transparency behind their behavior, users need more understanding of how these models make specific decisions, especially in complex state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms. Complex machine learning systems utilize less transparent algorithms, thereby exacerbating the problem. This survey analyzes the significance and evolution of explainable AI (XAI) research across various domains and applications. Throughout this study, a rich repository of explainability classifications and summaries has been developed, along with their applications and practical use cases. We believe this study will make it easier for researchers to understand all explainability methods and access their applications simultaneously.

The use of AI and machine learning models in the industry is rapidly increasing. Because of this growth and the noticeable performance of these models, more mission-critical decision-making intelligent systems have been developed. Despite their success, when used for decision-making, AI solutions have a significant drawback: transparency. The lack of transparency behind their behaviors, particularly in complex state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms, leaves users with little understanding of how these models make specific decisions. To address this issue, algorithms such as LIME and SHAP (Kernel SHAP) have been introduced. These algorithms aim to explain AI models by generating data samples around an intended test instance by perturbing the various features. This process has the drawback of potentially generating invalid data points outside of the data domain. In this paper, we aim to improve LIME and SHAP by using a pre-trained Variational AutoEncoder (VAE) on the training dataset to generate realistic data around the test instance. We also employ a sensitivity feature importance with Boltzmann distribution to aid in explaining the behavior of the black-box model surrounding the intended test instance.

<ul> <li>This work summarizes the state-of-the-art data-driven methods for prediction of the Remaining Useful Life<br> (RUL)<br> </li> <li>It discusses challenges and open problems faced in PdM<br> </li> <li>This study presents a discussion on the new problems that need to be considered towards the Industry 4.0 goals<br> </li> <li>We propose the future direction for each challenge discussed in this article</li> </ul>

<p>This work summarizes the state-of-the-art data-driven methods for prediction of the Remaining Useful Life (RUL). It discusses challenges and open problems faced in PdM. This study presents a discussion on the new problems that need to be considered towards the Industry 4.0 goals. We propose the future direction for each challenge discussed in this article.</p>

<ul> <li>This work summarizes the state-of-the-art data-driven methods for prediction of the Remaining Useful Life<br> (RUL)<br> </li> <li>It discusses challenges and open problems faced in PdM<br> </li> <li>This study presents a discussion on the new problems that need to be considered towards the Industry 4.0 goals<br> </li> <li>We propose the future direction for each challenge discussed in this article</li> </ul>