Background Risk factors for nosocomial COVID-19 outbreaks continue to evolve. The aim of this study was to investigate a multi-ward nosocomial outbreak of COVID-19 between 1st September and 15th November 2020, occurring in a setting without vaccination for any healthcare workers or patients. Methods Outbreak report and retrospective, matched case–control study using incidence density sampling in three cardiac wards in an 1100-bed tertiary teaching hospital in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Patients were confirmed/probable COVID-19 cases and contemporaneous control patients without COVID-19. COVID-19 outbreak definitions were based on Public Health guidelines. Clinical and environmental specimens were tested by RT-PCR and as applicable quantitative viral cultures and whole genome sequencing were conducted. Controls were inpatients on the cardiac wards during the study period confirmed to be without COVID-19, matched to outbreak cases by time of symptom onset dates, age within ± 15 years and were admitted in hospital for at least 2 days. Demographics, Braden Score, baseline medications, laboratory measures, co-morbidities, and hospitalization characteristics were collected on cases and controls. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistical regression was used to identify independent risk factors for nosocomial COVID-19. Results The outbreak involved 42 healthcare workers and 39 patients. The strongest independent risk factor for nosocomial COVID-19 (IRR 3.21, 95% CI 1.47–7.02) was exposure in a multi-bedded room. Of 45 strains successfully sequenced, 44 (97.8%) were B.1.128 and differed from the most common circulating community lineages. SARS-CoV-2 positive cultures were detected in 56.7% (34/60) of clinical and environmental specimens. The multidisciplinary outbreak team observed eleven contributing events to transmission during the outbreak. Conclusions Transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital outbreaks are complex; however multi-bedded rooms play a significant role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
The FXAT Screen seeks to reclaim the presence of architecture and its imagery in the public realm. CNC milled opaque plywood panels produce a thickened surface revealing the material stratification within the planar surfaces. In direct contrast to the hyper smooth and streamlined aesthetic of contemporary media devices, the FXAT Screen wraps an artificial topography around an exaggerated cantilevered form that addresses both the pedestrian corridor of the urban core and the main venues for the RAIC ArchitectureFestival. A gradient of openings migrates across the form toward the street, concluding with a 14 x 7-foot rear projection screen showing the work of 15 emerging Canadian architecture firms in the RAIC’s Future Voice: Situating Architecture Exhibition.
The Ministers are luminous lightweight spheroids, self-supporting monocoque shells that anchor a festival devoted to the co-mingling of design and science. They offer a meaningful if not easily described interactivity. They are the constituent parts of a Ministry that listens without judgment. They receive the secrets of visitors and function as open and democratic figures within a collective dedicated to the production of culture.
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