Climate change has exacerbated gender inequality, and women are a vulnerable group. Previous research attributed this to physical gender differences, gender differences in ownership and control of natural resources, and socioeconomic status. We used a survey of 99 participants, seven focus group discussions, and 13 in-depth interviews in a coastal community in Vietnam to gain insight into the roots of gender inequality in the capacity to adapt to climate change. We analysed the role of social capital in regulating and mobilising other livelihood assets from a gendered perspective and found that gender norms explain the division and interactions of men and women in formal and informal networks. Based on our results, we suggest that policy-makers should pay more attention to gender issues when proposing climate change policies and reducing the gender imbalance in the impact of climate change adaptation.
This study examines peer-reviewed literature on adaptive capacity (AC) in tourism under the condition of climate change adaptation for the publication period of 1990–2019. We analyze and visualize existing research using a combined approach of narrative and systematic reviews and employing software such as NVIVO 12, Python 3.8, and Gephi 0.9.2. We first investigate policy transitions toward sustainable adaptation in tourism and then analyze the systematization of tourism reflected in the definitions of AC. Next, we conduct an in-depth analysis of evolutions in tourism adaptation by interpreting the occurrences and interactions of three main streams of AC: resource, social-psychological, socio-ecological. We conclude that diverse methodologies in tourism research on adaptation contribute to augmenting the quantitative measurement of social factors influencing AC. The findings provide insights into how to improve the adaptation process and advance germane theoretical debates, particularly on the role of human factors in human–nature relationships aimed at developing sustainability.
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