T H E large and growing quantity of solid wastes poses an increasingly complex disposal problem for rural and urban areas. One important effect of the location of disposal sites is the external effect on adjacent property values. This paper attempts to estimate external effects on property prices resulting from the location of landfill types of solid waste disposal sites. This has important implications for public policy on site location and possible compensation to internalize the resultant external effects.A single equation linear regression model for price estimation is hypothesized. The data sample is 182 observations of single-unit house sales over the period [1962][1963][1964][1965][1966][1967][1968][1969][1970] in the neighborhoods around five solid waste disposal sites in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Date and price of sale, as well as location of the property and detailed information about dwelling characteristics, were obtained.Three general categories of predetermined variables are used: (1) Physical attributes of residential property-size of house and lot, number of bathrooms and bedrooms, age of house, amount of encumbrance and ownership-tenant occupancy (the key features of the quantity and quality of living service provided by a piece of residential property); (2) year of sale-the best available measure of the general level of cost of housing; (3) factors representing amenities and disamenities associated with solid waste disposal sites and neighborhood characteristics. Based on a diffusionphenomenon, the impacts of solid waste disposal sites on residential property prices were measured by distance from the nearest disposal site and the absolute degrees that the residential property is away from downwind (prevailing) of the disposal site. Zero-one variables were used to represent differences among disposal sites.The predetermined variables in the linear model explained approximately 78 percent of the variation in residential property prices. Coefficients of the physical attribute variables were all significantly different from zero at the .05 level and all had the hypothesized sign except the number of bedrooms. The distance and angle variables are key policy variables in the model. Both coefficients were positive as hypothesized, suggesting that a premium is placed on being a greater distance away and being away from downwind of disposal sites. The estimated coefficients indicate that on the average the price of residential property increases 61 cents per foot of distance and $10.30 per degree away from downwind of a disposal site.This first attempt to measure external effects of solid waste disposal sites on adjacent property values has important implications for community development and policy. The empirical results suggest magnitudes of costs imposed and indicate the nature of their distribution around solid waste disposal sites. In decisions concerning disposal site location, external social cost and benefits are an integral and possibly major factor. Further research is therefore warranted in refinin...
As a component of the second term of the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Cattle and Beef Quality, a project to further test and validate the effects of varying nutritional growth paths pre-finishing and slaughter on cattle of varying genetic potential for meat yield and eating quality was designed and implemented. This project, ‘Regional Combinations’, was a multi-site experiment, using Bos taurus cattle generated at 4 locations across southern Australia. The design of imposing different growth paths between weaning and finishing on cattle with specific genetic potential is common across sites. Treatment and interaction effects on beef production and meat quality were examined within and across sites. This paper describes the experimental designs, generation of experimental cattle at the various sites and the measurements, collection and storage of the data for multi-site analyses.
Beef production based on suckler cow breeds is a relatively new production system in Norway as in most Nordic countries. To ensure the continuation of this production, profitable management practices designed for Norwegian conditions have to be established. Thus a simulation model was developed that integrates the daily feed intake, the daily live weight (LW) gain, silage net energy concentration for beef production (feed units beef (FUb) kg −1 dry matter) and price, concentrate level and price, and carcass price for bulls of the country's five most common beef breeds. In this work the model was combined with production statistics to find general recommendations in the finishing of beef bulls under Norwegian conditions. Among all the five breeds the Limousin bulls had the highest estimated mean daily return and the Hereford bulls the lowest estimated mean daily return from 20 g concentrate kg −1 LW 0.75 for the 940 FUb kg −1 silage dry matter, and from 40 g concentrate kg −1 LW 0.75 for the 800 FUb kg −1 silage dry matter. Our estimated optimal slaughter ages and carcass weights shows that it pays to more intensively feed during the finishing period for all five breeds. Current farming practice in Norway for the five major breeds studied is that slaughter age is at least two months later with lighter carcass weights than the results expected from following our model estimated recommendations.
The translation of culture-bound expressions can be a challenge even for professional translators. This paper, therefore, explores the possibility of predicting the level of cultural competence needed in order to avoid translation errors by correlating cultural translation competence to vocabulary size. The results of our survey of Arabic professional translators show that vocabulary size was lower than expected, but vocabulary size can be an indicator of acceptable translation of culture-bound expressions, which we refer to as culture-bound items (CBIs). However, vocabulary size cannot always be used as an indicator of high quality translation. Overall, our results highlight the need for further cultural training for translators.
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