ContextLandscape quality assessment provides a contextual basis for integrating cultural ecosystem services within landscape management and policy. However, measuring landscape visual quality remains a challenge; especially in the Balkans with its complex environmental and socio-cultural history.
ObjectivesIn response, we present a first assessment of landscape visual quality across Shar Planina, North Macedonia and test the transferability of a visual quality assessment method (VQI) originally developed to evaluate Northwest European landscapes.
MethodsThis study includes remote (GIS) and field assessment. The latter produced quality measures which were summarized, scaled and weighted into an index (0 -1.0) and served as a ground-truth dataset for subsequent GIS assessment. To assess how spatial scale affects the VQI and what scale is most appropriate to capture perceived landscape quality, the remote assessment was applied at scales ranging from 1 to 5 km 2 and results were then correlated to field assessment results.
ResultsValues for the field VQI range from 0.2 to 0.82 whilst the values from the remote assessment applied at 1 km 2 range from 0.1 to 0.74 and increase to 0.77, 0.84 and 0.86 at 2 km 2 , 3 km 2 and 5 km 2 respectively.Strongest correlation between the GIS and the field assessment was observed at 2 km 2 , which captured detail whilst remaining appropriate to the perceived landscape.
ConclusionsOur research allows consideration of this cultural ecosystem service within the wider conservation efforts on Shar Planina and provides methodological guidelines for assessments of visual quality of mountainous landscapes elsewhere in the region.
Category metric* Metric descriptive characteristics (as originally provided by Goforth and Bain (2010) Score Upper French Creek watershed, USA Goforth and Bain (2010)** calculation specifics Bregalnica watershed calculation specifics Supporting literature*** ***Considering that land use pressures do not act in isolation, much of the papers used as a supporting literature focus on both catchment and local scale, some dealing with the multiscale effects and interactive pathways of stressors and examined species specific responses.
This article presents the records about four new Buckler fern (Dryopteris) species for the territory of the Republic of Macedonia and new data about the distribution of some rare Buckler fern species.Dryopteris is one of the most complex fern genera in Europe. Hybridization and apomixis among some of the species contribute to difficulties and uncertainties for identification of individual species. That, coupled with lack of research on ferns in Macedonia for the last 30 years, resulted in a low level of knowledge within this vascular plants' group. Further research is needed to fill the remaining gaps, particularly in relation to identification of hybrids and more detailed study of the distribution pattern of rare Buckler fern species.
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