Objective: To assess the extent that the genetic and environmental factors contribute to the phenotypic correlations between obesity traits and age at menarche (AAM), and also to examine the influence of AAM on obesity in both pre-and postmenopausal women. Methods: Five hundred and twelve pedigrees with 2667 Caucasian female subjects from two to four generations were recruited. Fat mass and lean mass (both in kg) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner. Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m 2 ) was calculated. We performed bivariate quantitative genetic analyses in the total sample containing 2667 Caucasian women. We also selected 206 unrelated premenopausal women and 140 unrelated postmenopausal women from the total sample, and computed the respective phenotypic correlation between obesity and AAM in these two subgroups. Results: For fat mass, lean mass and BMI, we detected their significant negative genetic correlations with AAM after adjustment for significant covariates, which were À0.3170 (Po0.001), À0.1721 (Po0.05) and À0.3665 (Po0.001), respectively. However, their environmental correlations with AAM were all nonsignificant (P40.05), ranging from À0.0016 to 0.0192. In the premenopausal subgroup, significant associations were observed between fat mass and AAM (r ¼ À0.231, Po0.01) as well as between BMI and AAM (r ¼ À0.257, Po0.01). In the postmenopausal subgroup, no such associations were observed. Conclusion: Our results for the first time suggested that significant phenotypic association between obesity phenotypes and AAM is mainly attributable to shared genetic rather than environmental factors, and AAM may have stronger effects on obesity phenotypes in pre-than in postmenopausal women.