There is growing concern regarding the lack of women in senior positions in science and technology (ST) in United Kingdom (UK) universities. Previous research has enhanced our understanding of the challenges women in academia face to progress their careers. In contrast, relatively little is known as to why so few women reach leadership positions in ST. This article reports on research to examine women's experiences regarding the perceived barriers to leadership in ST faculties in UK universities. Using in-depth interviews the authors explore personal narratives to highlight the perceived barriers to career advancement. Findings report on the gendered nature of ST faculties and how women struggle to navigate their careers. The investigation illustrates the effect of organisational influences such as temporary work arrangements, male-dominated networks, intimidation and harassment, as well as individual influences such as lack of confidence.

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Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into how female entrepreneurs develop and communicate an authentic personal brand. We examine the entrepreneurial marketing (EM) activities undertaken by female entrepreneurs and identify the Impression Management (IM) behaviours and tactics employed. We explore the risks associated with self-promotion to gain a better understanding of how female entrepreneurs market themselves and their businesses. Design/methodology/approach-The study adopts an interpretative phenomenological approach (IPA). Using semi-structured interviews, we explore the experiences of female entrepreneurs as they engage in IM behaviours. The sample is drawn from female entrepreneurs who have small-scale businesses which span a range of specialist service sectors. All participants are engaging in personal branding activities. Participants were recruited via a gatekeeper and invited to take part in the study. Data from eleven female business owners was collected and analysed using IPA. Interview transcripts and field notes were analysed for broad patterns and then initial codes developed which allowed for themes to emerge, with a number of core themes being identified. These core themes are presented, together with verbatim quotes from participants to provide a rich insight into the marketing activities of these female entrepreneurs. Findings-The findings reveal the complex challenges faced by female entrepreneurs as they engage in self-promotion and IM to market their business. Four key themes emerge from the data to explain how female entrepreneurs engage in managing their brand both online and offline: experimental; risk; authenticity and supplication. The study identifies in particular that female entrepreneurs use the tactic of supplication in combination with self-promotion to communicate their brand. Additionally, it was found that female entrepreneurs share their personal fears and weaknesses in an attempt to be seen as authentic and manage the risk associated with self-promotion. Originality/value-We contribute to the EM literature by extending our understanding of the risks associated with self-promotion for female entrepreneurs. The study also contributes to the IM literature by providing a better understanding of IM beyond organisations and applied to an entrepreneurial domain. The study highlights a number of important implications for entrepreneurial practice and policy.

This paper provides a study of HRM practices for a new category of expatriates -"Yopatriates"who we note as young, highly qualified and mobile, Generation Y (Gen Y) knowledge workers. In contrast to traditional expatriates, Yopatriates typify non-traditional forms of expatriation wherein they seek short-term international assignments to suit their individual (internal, rather than organisational or external) career orientations of learning and travel. We study this group using a case study analysis of a large Indian Multi National Corporation (MNC) delivering global information technology (IT) and business process offshoring (BPO) services. Our study presents the HRM practices adopted to manage both expatriates as well as Yopatriates at the case organisation being studied within an India setting. We further evaluate the extent to which internal HR practices of Yopatriates were characterised, by a desire to emulate or adopt what were regarded as global 'HR best practices'. Our distinctive contribution lies in extending the literature by developing a distinctive theoretical category of nontraditional expatriates that (1) highlights a need for a different set of HRM practices; and (2) extends the theory of cultural adjustment in the context of Yopatriates. Evidence suggests that these practices were complementary and at the same time contradictory to 'indigenous' localised practices during the period of research and complied with two of the four arguments we make in our model.

PurposeThe study aims to explore the factors that influence Emirati women's career choice in the UAE. This study contributes to the influence of context in career choices by investigating how Emirati women chose information technology (IT) as a profession through the lens of the social cognitive career theory.Design/methodology/approachThis study undertook in-depth interviews with 21 Emirati women working in technology in the UAE. The study considers women's career choices at three levels, i.e. from an individual, organisational and national context perspective.FindingsThe key findings include identifying the importance of national context in influencing career choices among other factors such as family centrality, desire to be seen as a role model, company reputation and government policy.Practical implicationsThe study has wider implications for women's career choices in other contexts. The findings highlight the challenges women face, such as a lack of role models and family centrality, which need to be considered in recruitment policies and practices in other national contexts.Originality/valueThe originality of the study is its contribution to the literature developing understanding of the influences on women's career choices in the Emirates. While previous studies have identified the role of patriarchal influence on women's careers, we have less understanding of the importance attributed to individual factors such as being perceived as a role model within their family and to society. Similarly, the literature provides limited evidence of the influence of factors such as government sponsorship and company reputation.

The gender imbalance in the advertising industry continues to give cause for concern. A lack of senior women hinders advertising's ability to reflect diversity in society, leading some to question whether the industry is now even fit for purpose.The paper explores the experiences of women working in advertising using the lens of Impression Management (IM). The study draws upon twenty-five semi-structured interviews with female creative directors working in advertising agencies. We used thematic analysis to identify major themes and the IM strategies women deploy.Contrary to previous literature which found that women engage in lower levels of IM behaviours, our findings suggest that women within creative departments are actively employing IM strategies and behaviours. However, our research also finds women are engaging in inauthentic IM strategies; 'faking' behaviours in order to both fit in and stand out within the strongly-gendered environment of advertising. These coping strategies are causing internal conflict and stress, which they also see as driving some women to leave, or become disillusioned with the industry.We provide managerial implications to suggest how advertising agencies, clients and female creatives, can work together to facilitate the retention and progression of more women within creative departments, and increase their influence over the ads that get made.

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to bridge the gap between previous examinations of advertising standardisation and consideration of Islamic ethics in order to develop a better understanding of how Islamic values influence global advertising strategy. Design/methodology/approach-This paper is based on a critical review of the literature. The paper presents a conceptual framework which considers both the environmental influences and Islamic ethics which need to be considered when developing advertising strategy in Middle East Islamic States. Findings-The authors assert the importance of considering Islamic ethics when planning advertising in the Islamic Middle East. In particular six dominant ethical dimensions are provided for marketing scholars and practitioners to observe: Unity (Tawheed); Iman (faith) Khilafah (trusteeship); Balance; Justice or Adl; Free will. Research limitations/implications-The conceptual model presented provides a useful starting point to generate further academic debate and empirical verification. Originality/value-The paper extends our understanding of the influence of Islamic ethics on advertising and contributes to the wider marketing standardisation literature by considering religion as a key driver in the debate.