La reutilización de las aguas residuales tratadas en el riego es una alternativa para enfrentar los desafíos en la gestión del agua, la crisis climática y las sequías periódicas. Aporta mayor disponibilidad de agua para los cultivos y reciclaje de nutrientes. En el Arco Seco de Panamá, la situación es crítica por la escasez de agua en la época seca, haciendo esencial la búsqueda de alternativas. El objetivo fue evaluar la viabilidad de humedales artificiales, para mejorar la calidad del efluente de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Chitré para fines de riego. La metodología consistió en la implementación de humedales artificiales de flujo subsuperficial horizontal, se utilizaron dos especies vegetales: el pasto Zacate Alemán y el pasto Tanner. Mediante análisis de calidad de agua se caracterizaron parámetros fisicoquímicos como: pH, sólidos totales disueltos, conductividad eléctrica, demanda química de oxígeno, turbiedad, cloruros, sulfatos; nutrientes como el nitrógeno total y el fósforo total, y parámetros biológicos como los coliformes fecales. Los resultados indican que la mayoría de los parámetros fisicoquímicos, mejoran tras el proceso de tratamiento con los humedales artificiales. No obstante, los coliformes fecales obtuvieron valores superiores a los límites máximos permisibles. Se recomienda hacer un análisis detallado de los parámetros biológicos. Finalmente, las aguas residuales al ser tratadas eficientemente, permiten que las mismas sean aprovechadas de manera segura sin afectar la salud de las personas y del ambiente.
Reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation is an alternative to achieve greater water availability and benefits to the soil due to its nutrient content. It represents a solution to challenges in water management, climate change and water scarcity in dry seasons. In Panama’s Dry Arch, the lack of water is critical during dry season months, which makes it essential to look for sustainable alternatives as water source. This paper describes the use of artificial wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow, and we are going to use partially treated domestic wastewater. The aquatic plant types employed were Echinochloa polystachya (German grass) and Brachiaria arrecta (Tanner grass) with the objective of improve the quality of the effluent from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Chitre for the irrigation of forages. This study was carried out from August to December 2019. Fine Gravel was used in this study as a substrate. The parameters analyzed were pH, Total dissolved solids, Electrical Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Turbidity, Chlorides, Sulfates, Iron, Chromium+6, Copper; nutrients such as Total nitrogen and Total phosphorus. Fecal coliforms were also analyzed. Results showed that treated wastewater is a viable alternative for irrigation due to its high nutrient content, but it must be managed safely so as not to generate risks to public health.
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