Ginseng polysaccharides (GPS) have been well known as an immune modulator. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental GPS on the immune responses involved in sow’s milk‐derived exosomal shuttle RNAs (esRNAs) using RNA‐Seq and miRNA‐Seq. Of the 213 identified miRNA types, a total of 26 conserved miRNAs were differently expressed in response to GPS supplementation, including 10 up‐regulated and 16 down‐regulated miRNAs in GPS feeding group. In addition, exosomal transcriptome analysis identified 14,696 protein‐coding genes in sow’s milk exosomes, and 283 genes with 204 and 79 candidates showing up and down‐regulation were significantly responded to GPS supplementation. Integrated analysis of each differently expressed miRNA with significantly expressed genes further revealed the presence of 51 highly conserved miRNA–gene interactions that were annotated to be related to immunoregulatory functions. This work provided an important advance in the functional identification of dietary GPS supplementation and more fundamental information about how GPS promoted the immune response and healthy growth of the infant from mothers at molecular levels.

Dudusa sphingiformis is an important lepidopteran pest widely distributed in tropical and subtropical zones of Asia. In this paper, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of D. sphingiformis was determined by next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome was 15,806 bp in length, comprising 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and an AT-rich control region (D-loop). The gene arrangement of this mitogenome was identical to that of the previous studies of Notodontidae moths. Almost all the PCGs initiated with typical ATN codons, except for cox1 with CGA. Among them, nine PCGs terminated with TAA or TAG, while other four PCGs ( cox1 , cox2 , nad5 , and nad4 ) with incomplete stop codon T. All the 22 tRNAs had the typical cloverleaf structure, except for trnS1 , whose dihydrouridine (DHU) arm forms a simple loop. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of 13 PCGs indicated that D. sphingiformis was more closely related to other species of family Notodontidae, forming a monophyletic group, with well-resolved relationships among five family of Noctuoidea.

Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Bombus filchnerae (Hymenoptera: Apidae). The genome size of B. filchnerae was 18,553 bp with 88.7% A + T content, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and an AT-rich control region (D-loop). tRNA rearrangement was observed in this mitochondrial genome when compared to those of other bumblebee species (e.g. Bombus breviceps and Bombus asiaticus ). All the 13 PCGs initiated with typical ATN codons. Among them, 11 PCGs terminated with TAA, only nad4 and nad5 with incomplete stop codon TA and T, respectively. All the 22 tRNAs can be folded into typical cloverleaf structure, except for trnS1 , whose dihydrouridine (DHU) arm forms a simple loop. The phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of all 13 PCGs indicated that B. filchnerae showed the closest relationship with Bombus pascuorum , forming a mono clade of the subgenus Thoracobombus , with well-resolved relationships among nine Bombus subgenera.

Bombus longipennis is the species of Bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), which are important pollinators for wild plants and greenhouses crops. The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of B. longipennis was determined by next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome was 18,458 bp in size with 87.2% A + T content, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and an AT-rich control region (D-loop). Gene arrangement was found to be identical to those of other mitogenomes of bumblebees (e.g. Bombus terrestris and Bombus ignitus ). All 13 PCGs initiated with typical ATN codons. Among them, 11 PCGs terminated with TAA or TAG; only cox2 and nad4 have incomplete stop codon T. All 22 tRNAs can be folded into typical cloverleaf structure. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of all 13 PCGs indicated that B. longipennis was more closely related to other species of subgenus Bombus , which clustered into a monophyletic group.