Abstract:Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted significant attention as a promising green media. In this work, twenty-five kinds of benign choline chloride-based DESs with microwave-assisted methods were applied to quickly extract active components from Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae. The extraction factors, including temperature, time, power of microwave, and solid/liquid ratio, were investigated systematically by response surface methodology. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic ingredients were extracted simultaneously under the optimized conditions: 20 vol% of water in choline chloride/1,2-propanediol (1:1, molar ratio) as solvent, microwave power of 800 W, temperature at 70 • C, time at 11.11 min, and solid/liquid ratio of 0.007 g·mL −1 . The extraction yield was comparable to, or even better than, conventional methods with organic solvents. The microstructure alteration of samples before and after extraction was also investigated. The method validation was tested as the linearity of analytes (r 2 > 0.9997 over two orders of magnitude), precision (intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) < 2.49 and inter-day RSD < 2.96), and accuracy (recoveries ranging from 95.04% to 99.93%). The proposed DESs combined with the microwave-assisted method provided a prominent advantage for fast and efficient extraction of active components, and DESs could be extended as solvents to extract and analyze complex environmental and pharmaceutical samples.

An efficient and reusable protic-ionic-liquid solvent-catalyst system, HMTA-AcOH-H 2 O, has been developed and used in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes with ethyl 2-cyanoacetate. Under ultrasonic irradiation, the Knoevenagel condensation promoted by the protic-ionicliquid solvent-catalyst system proceeds smoothly and cleanly. Moreover, the HMTA-AcOH-H 2 O solventcatalyst system could be recycled for at least 6 times and no significant loss of activity was observed. This protocol has notable advantages, such as being eco-friendly, the ease of the work-up and reuse of the ionic liquid conveniently, which could help reduce disposal costs and contribute to the development of new catalysts for use in green and continuous chemical processes.

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