The structure of KZn(PO3)3:Mn2+ with a large space to accommodate defects plays an important role in its self-reduction and mechanoluminescence.

No abstract

Oxygen vacancies formed during the sample synthesis induce self-reduction and anti-TQ in air, and the contents can be increased in a reducing atmosphere to lead to stronger photoluminescent performances.

A vortex-assisted ionic liquid microextraction method coupled with ultra fast liquid chromatographic separation and detection was developed for the analysis of three aromatic amines, 4-chloroaniline, 1naphthylamine and 4-aminobiphenyl, in environmental water samples. 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C 6 MIM][PF 6 ] was used as the extraction solvent as it can disperse in water completely and quickly with the aid of vortex mixing. A dispersive solvent was not required. Several parameters such as type and volume of extraction solvent, vortex velocity, extraction time, centrifugation time, pH of sample solution and ionic strength in sample solution were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the intra-day and inter-day precision of the proposed method were 2.3-3.5% (n ¼ 5) and 2.8-5.3% (n ¼ 5), respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.24-0.57 mg L À1 and 0.80-1.90 mg L À1 , respectively. The proposed method was applied in the determination of three aromatic amines in several real water samples. Acceptable recoveries of the analytes, ranging from 79% to 111% (the relative standard deviations #6.0%), were obtained.