Melittin (MEL) is a 26-amino acid polypeptide with a variety of pharmacological and toxicological effects, which include strong surface activity on cell lipid membranes, hemolytic activity, and potential anti-tumor properties. However, the clinical application of melittin is restricted due to its severe hemolytic activity. Different nanocarrier systems have been developed to achieve stable loading, side effects shielding, and tumor-targeted delivery, such as liposomes, cationic polymers, lipodisks, etc. In addition, MEL can be modified on nano drugs as a non-selective cytolytic peptide to enhance cellular uptake and endosomal/lysosomal escape. In this review, we discuss recent advances in MEL’s nano-delivery systems and MEL-modified nano drug carriers for cancer therapy.
Melittin
is a potential anticancer candidate with remarkable antitumor
activity and ability to overcome tumor drug resistance. However, the
clinical applications of melittin are largely restricted by its severe
hemolytic activity and nonspecific cytotoxicity after systemic administration.
Here, a biocompatible and stable melittin-loaded lipid-coated polymeric
nanoparticle (MpG@LPN) formulation that contains a melittin/poly-γ-glutamic
acid nanoparticle inner core, a lipid membrane middle layer, and a
polyethylene glycol (PEG) and PEG-targeting molecule outer shell was
designed. The formulations were prepared by applying a self-assembly
procedure based on intermolecular interactions, including electrostatic
attraction and hydrophobic effect. The core–shell MpG@LPN presented
high efficiency for melittin encapsulation and high stability in physiological
conditions. Hemolysis and cell proliferation assays showed that the
PEG-modified MpG@LPN had almost no hemolytic activity and nonspecific
cytotoxicity even at high concentrations. The modification of targeting
molecules on the MpG@LPNs allowed for the selective binding with target
tumor cells and cytolytic activity via apoptosis induction. In vivo
experiments revealed that MpG@LPNs can remarkably inhibit the growth
of tumors without the occurrence of hemolysis and tissue toxicity.
Results suggested that the developed MpG@LPN with a core–shell
structure can effectively address the main obstacles of melittin in
clinical applications and has great potential in cancer treatment.
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